{"id":15847,"date":"2016-09-23T09:39:02","date_gmt":"2016-09-23T16:39:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rop.org\/?page_id=8010"},"modified":"2020-12-30T20:46:29","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T20:46:29","slug":"key-organizing-themes-movement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/section-i\/the-patriot-movement-historically-nationally\/key-organizing-themes-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Organizing Themes in the Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Property, Guns, Government, and Nativism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">The Patriot movement draws on images of the American Revolution and the related early period of the United States to root its credibility and power. One of its main claims is that its members are \u201cdefending the Constitution.\u201d But this is actually a duplicitous phrase; the \u201cConstitution\u201d they invoke is the movement\u2019s profoundly unusual interpretation of the document\u2014one that is often in direct opposition to how Constitutional law has developed over the last two centuries. The movement uses their dubious appeals to the Constitution to attack federal and state laws regarding land ownership, regulatory authority, redistribution of wealth, programs for social equality, and gun restrictions. It should be noted that it is a broad movement with no real center, and differing factions may hold different views on any one topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Property: Opposing Federal Land Ownership and Environmentalism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Land use issues are the Patriot movement\u2019s most popular organizing issue in the West. As part of their effort to oppose the powers of the federal government, they seek to either water down or abolish environmental and other restrictions on land use, as well as to transfer federally held lands to state, county, or private control, as a scheme to circumvent use restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even in the 1970s, Posse Comitatus was involved in conflicts over land use. More recently, the Patriot movement has taken up arms over land use issues.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For more information, see \u201cLand Use &amp; the \u2018Patriots\u2019,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, August 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/get-informed\/intelligence-report\/browse-all-issues\/2014\/fall\/Land-Use-The-Patriots-A-timeline\">www.splcenter.org\/get-informed\/intelligence-report\/browse-all-issues\/2014\/fall\/Land-Use-The-Patriots-A-timeline<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The standoff at the Bundy Ranch in Nevada in 2014 led to a series of other armed confrontations. This included the Sugar Pine Mine in Josephine County, Oregon, in spring 2015; White Hope Mine near Lincoln, Montana in August 2015; and the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in January and February 2016. In Oregon, movement members also become involved in controversies over mining claims and the removal of a dam on private property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is a common belief in the Patriot movement that the federal government has no legal right to own most public land. The recent occupations are only the latest of decades of movements trying to wrestle public lands away from federal control\u2014especially as environmental groups were able to gain more influence over how they are managed. The first uprising, known as the Sagebrush Rebellion, emerged after the federal government decided in 1976 that it would not redistribute its remaining landholdings in the lower 48 states; this land makes up a total of 46.9 percent of 11 western states.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The states are Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. See Carol Hardy Vincent, Laura A. Hanson, and Jerome P. Bjelopera, \u201cFederal Land Ownership: Overview and Data,\u201d <em>Federation of American Scientists<\/em>, December 29, 2014, 20, <a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R42346.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R42346.pdf<\/span><\/a>. Land was redistributed in Alaska until 1986; see Mary Apple, \u201cBLM Commemorates Homestead Act,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management<\/em>, Winter 2011, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/mt\/st\/en\/info\/newsroom\/steward\/11winter\/pxburn.html\">www.blm.gov\/mt\/st\/en\/info\/newsroom\/steward\/11winter\/pxburn.html<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Patriot movement&#8217;s opposition to environmentalism and land use restrictions goes hand-in-hand with the movement\u2019s widespread denial&nbsp; that human actions contribute to climate change.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Josephine County Oath Keepers leader Joseph Rice and Baker County Commissioner Bill Harvey both said they do not believe in human-caused climate change. Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016; Harvey, email to author, August 11, 2016. The Oath Keepers run articles defending climate change denialists and attacking climate change science. See, for example, Larry Diffey, \u201cThe Government KNOWS That Global Cooling Will Kill Millions But Still Refuses To Admit It Exists,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, February 4, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/the-government-knows-that-global-cooling-will-kill-millions-but-still-refuses-to-admit-it-exists\">www.oathkeepers.org\/the-government-knows-that-global-cooling-will-kill-millions-but-still-refuses-to-admit-it-exists<\/a><u>;<\/u> Larry Diffey, \u201cAnti-Science: Those Who Wish To Debate Climate Threatened With Death Or Jail,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, March 24, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/anti-science-those-who-wish-to-debate-climate-threatened-with-death-or-jail\">www.oathkeepers.org\/anti-science-those-who-wish-to-debate-climate-threatened-with-death-or-jail<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> This helps Patriot movement activists support increased destruction of the environment without feeling conflict over preserving the climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most mainstream approach that challenges federal land holdings is championed by the American Lands Council and Federalism in Action, Patriot movement allies which are tied to the Republican Party and have received funding from the billionaire Koch brothers, whose family made its fortune in the fossil fuel industry. Both groups seek to transfer federal lands to state governments via traditional political avenues.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Eric Ethington, \u201cMilitias and Public Lands: A Utah Story,\u201d <em>Salt Lake City Weekly<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cityweekly.net\/utah\/the-utah-connection\/Content?oid=3136325\">www.cityweekly.net\/utah\/the-utah-connection\/Content?oid=3136325<\/a>; \u201cFree the Lands,\u201d <em>Federalism in Action<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.federalisminaction.com\/issues-2\/freethelands\">www.federalisminaction.com\/issues-2\/freethelands<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The 2016 national Republican Party platform calls for Congress to \u201cimmediately pass universal legislation providing for a timely and orderly mechanism requiring the federal government to convey certain federally controlled public lands to states,\u201d as well as to increase exploitation of natural resources on the lands currently held.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cRepublican Platform 2016,\u201d <em>Republican National Committee<\/em>, 21,<br><a href=\"https:\/\/prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com\/media\/documents\/DRAFT_12_FINAL%5B1%5D-ben_1468872234.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com\/media\/documents\/DRAFT_12_FINAL%5B1%5D-ben_1468872234.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more radical position regarding federal ownership, championed by many in the Patriot movement, is transfer to county control. Ammon Bundy, for example, stated he wanted the Malheur Refuge \u201cturned over as public land to the county with private rights.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cThursday &#8211; 1\/14\/16 &#8211; Update (1) from Malheur Wildlife Refuge In Burns, OR &#8211; #OregonFront,\u201d YouTube video, 3:51:13, posted by \u201cPete Santilli Show,\u201d January 14, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=75bJlvQ7qM0\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=75bJlvQ7qM0<\/a>; see around 41:50. Joseph Rice of the Oath Keepers of Josephine County said he favored a mix of state and county control; telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> This idea was popular in the 1990s in the \u201ccounty supremacy\u201d movement. Many counties claimed that under the Tenth Amendment, they had authority over public lands, and by 1996, 70 counties, mostly in the West, had passed laws attempting to gain control.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stern, <em>A Force Upon the Plain<\/em>, 125.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although many advocates of transfer to both state and county control are sincere, others see it as a step towards privatization. Either the lower-level governments will be more sympathetic to selling lands off, or they will be unable to shoulder the costs of maintaining them and will be forced to sell them. For example, Idaho has sold 41 percent of its state lands.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cIdaho lands\u2014and recreation access\u2014lost to the HIGHEST BIDDER,\u201d <em>Wilderness Society<\/em>, May 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/wilderness.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Idaho%20lands%20-%20TWS%20Report%20%28May%202016%29.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/wilderness.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Idaho<\/span> lands &#8211; TWS Report %28May 2016%29.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The American Stewards of Liberty, and the group\u2019s former President, Fred Kelly Grant, do not directly not seek to transfer federal lands; instead they promote the use of \u201ccoordination\u201d clauses, asserting the legally novel idea that the federal government must comes to agreements with local governments\u2014instead of merely consulting with them\u2014in managing federal resources.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAbout,\u201d<em> American Stewards of Liberty<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/about\">www.americanstewards.us\/about<\/a><u>;<\/u> \u201cAbout Fred Kelly Grant,\u201d <em>Stand &amp; Fight Club<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> This way road maintenance, law enforcement, and fire suppression will continue be to subsidized by the federal government. Both transfer to county control and coordination fit in with other Patriot movement visions of empowering county-level officials, especially the notion that the county sheriff can interpret the U.S. Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some opponents of government ownership have advocated full privatization of public lands\u2014although this is not heard so loudly in recent years.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For example, by the CATO Institute. See Terry L. Anderson, Vernon L. Smith, and Emily Simmons, \u201cHow and Why to Privatize Federal Lands,\u201d <em>Policy Analysis<\/em>, November 9, 1999, <a href=\"http:\/\/object.cato.org\/sites\/cato.org\/files\/pubs\/pdf\/pa363.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/object.cato.org\/sites\/cato.org\/files\/pubs\/pdf\/pa363.pdf<\/span><\/a><u>.<\/u> More recently, CATO has called the lands not to be transferred, but for fiduciary trusts to manage the lands. See Randal O&#8217;Toole, \u201cA Matter of Trust: Why Congress Should Turn Federal Lands into Fiduciary Trusts,\u201d <em>CATO Institute<\/em>, January 15, 2009, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cato.org\/publications\/policy-analysis\/matter-trust-why-congress-should-turn-federal-lands-fiduciary-trusts\">www.cato.org\/publications\/policy-analysis\/matter-trust-why-congress-should-turn-federal-lands-fiduciary-trusts<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Others appear to want federal ownership (and the subsidies that go with it) to remain, while individuals or groups can make claims and exploit the natural resources with fewer or no restrictions. This faction includes those who do not necessarily seek to transfer ownership out of federal hands, but argue that the 1872 Mining Act means that mining claims can be treated basically as private property, for example in regards to building cabins or other structures on them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to their general opposition to environmental regulations, many Patriot movement activists deny that humans have created climate change. They also frequently trot out a conspiracy theory regarding Agenda 21. This non-binding United Nations resolution, signed by George H.W. Bush in 1992, encourages new development to take environmental sustainability into consideration. Conspiracy theorists claim that the federal government, acting under United Nations control, seeks to use the rubric of environmentalism to seize land from rural people so it can control&nbsp; the country and institute a socialist dictatorship. (Some claimed the Hammonds were victims of the Agenda 21 conspiracy.) Rightists use it as an argument for opposing environmental and public land-use initiatives as simple as building local parks.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Greg Harman, \u201cAgenda 21: a conspiracy theory puts sustainability in the crosshairs,\u201d <em>Guardian<\/em>, June 24, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/2015\/jun\/24\/agenda-21-conspiracy-theory-sustainability\">www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/2015\/jun\/24\/agenda-21-conspiracy-theory-sustainability<\/a>; Ed Kemmick, \u201cDividing Lines: \u2018Patriots,\u2019 \u2018Oath Keepers\u2019 rattle Big Timber,\u201d<em> Billings Gazette<\/em>, May 16, 2010, <a href=\"http:\/\/billingsgazette.com\/news\/state-and-regional\/montana\/article_d3802772-608a-11df-b185-001cc4c002e0.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/billingsgazette.com\/news\/state-and-regional\/montana\/article_d3802772-608a-11df-b185-001cc4c002e0.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Guns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gun ownership was a binding, central issue for the militia movement of the 1990s. This remains true for today\u2019s Patriot movement. A common belief in the movement is that there is a plot to disarm the civilian population, which is the first step in allowing a foreign invasion of the United States.<br>Opposition to gun restrictions are the central issue for the CSPOA and the Three Percenters. The latter, for example, pledge to resist attempts to end private gun ownership, implying this will be the signal for an armed uprising against the federal government. The CSPOA, meanwhile, has promoted the notion of the \u201cconstitutional sheriff\u201d: county sheriffs who refuse to enforce laws they don\u2019t believe are constitutional. While this may range from sheriff-to-sheriff in how broad they interpret this power, the assumption is that their reading of the Constitution is consistent with Patriot movement political views. The Second Amendment, in particular, is to be interpreted in an extremely permissive way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2013, the CSPOA started a campaign asking county sheriffs to send letters to Vice President Biden, saying they will not enforce new gun restrictions. This stance has only discouraged the sorely needed public discussion about how the United States will deal with the mass shootings phenomena.<br>For example, the Umpqua Community College mass shooting in October 2015 occurred in Roseburg, Oregon, where the county sheriff had written a CSPOA-inspired letter, opposing new gun restrictions; he had previously publicly criticized gun regulation as a response to mass shootings, and even made a social media post claiming the massacre at Sandy Hook elementary school in Newtown was a hoax. Patriot movement activists helped organize a well-publicized protest when President Obama visited Roseburg afterward. These sheriffs who refuse to enact new gun control laws, and CSPOA generally, seek to take options off the table regarding gun restrictions, and by doing so hurt our ability to have a frank national conversation on how to prevent these massacres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-15482 size-full\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"491\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-18.jpg\" alt=\"President of the Oregon III% admits Patriot movement involved in the rally in Roseburg opposing President Obama\u2019s visit after the UCC school massacre. Three Percenters are advised to attend but not wear identifying organizational symbols.\" class=\"wp-image-16277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-18.jpg 491w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-18-219x300.jpg 219w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><figcaption>President of the Oregon III% admits Patriot movement involved in the rally in Roseburg opposing President Obama\u2019s visit after the UCC school massacre. Three Percenters are advised to attend but not wear identifying organizational symbols.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-15481\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"490\" height=\"507\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-19.jpg\" alt=\"Oath Keeper Joseph Rice admits that Pacific Patriots Network helped organized Roseburg anti-Obama rally in 2015.\" class=\"wp-image-16279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-19.jpg 490w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-19-290x300.jpg 290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><figcaption><br>Oath Keeper Joseph Rice admits that Pacific Patriots Network helped organized Roseburg anti-Obama rally in 2015.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Patriot movement advocates a form of radical right-wing decentralization, rooted in libertarian economics. The movement does not just intervene on land use and gun issues; it wishes to diminish or dismantle the parts of the federal government which redistribute wealth and act to correct for inequalities between social groups\u2014such as differences because of race and gender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In order to accomplish these goals, there are several\u2014sometimes overlapping and sometimes contradictory\u2014strategies to promote local control. These include nullification (the idea that lower governments do not need to obey state or federal governments); and promoting political power on the county level, in particular, with strategies like coordination and the supremacy of the county sheriff. The movement also promotes jury nullification, the longstanding idea in common law that juries do not need to follow a judge\u2019s instructions in finding a defendant guilty. For many the vision is this: the federal government will still exist, but its power will be limited to foreign affairs, passing laws which counties will have the option to follow or not, and limited in property to owning military installations and Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should be noted that these are a grab bag of sometimes conflicting ideas. For example, if a county passes coordination, who has authority: the county government or the sheriff? What happens if multiple bodies in a county\u2014for example, the county commission, sheriff, and mining districts\u2014all proclaim coordination?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There appears to be a range of views on these matters, with some factions rejecting virtually <em>any <\/em>government authority, no matter how local. It is said that in some remote Oregon communities that are rife with Sovereign Citizens, even the authority of a constitutional sheriff isn\u2019t acknowledged. CSPOA\u2019s Richard Mack, who focuses on recruiting county sheriffs, is opposed to the self-proclaimed judges and Sovereign Citizen-style \u201ccontinental marshals.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Regarding the fake judges, Mack says \u201cwe\u2019re totally against that,\u201d and says the National Liberty Alliance \u201chas been nothing but a pain in the butt to us; they\u2019re run by dishonest people and it\u2019s a dishonest premise, and it\u2019s absolutely nothing that the CSPOA will have anything to do with.\u201d Richard Mack, telephone interview with author, August 20, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In Harney County, the Malheur occupiers refused to follow the orders of the county sheriff, whose authority they claimed they respected. Movement members adhere to a circular reasoning to justify this: If a sheriff disagrees with them, they must not be following their oath to the Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Movement activists also pressure standing governments to embrace two antifederal, hyperlocal visions of government: nullification and coordination.<br>Nullification is the idea that lower-level governments have the power to legally set aside or ignore federal laws; this idea was forwarded by advocates of slavery in the 1820s.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cNullification crisis,\u201d <em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/nullification-crisis\">www.britannica.com\/topic\/nullification-crisis<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In the 1970s, Posse Comitatus\u2019s claim that county sheriffs could ignore Supreme Court rulings, laws passed by Congress, executive orders, and federal arrest warrants were forms of nullification. Kim Davis\u2019s more recent refusal to register same-sex marriages in Kentucky was, in practice, an act of nullification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Hard Right version of \u201ccoordination\u201d holds that lower-level governments, such as county commissions, can declare themselves legal equals to the federal government in terms of land-use decisions, forcing it to \u201ccoordinate\u201d with them. (See \u201cCoordination: How the Patriot Movement Reimagines Governmental Ties\u201d box.) While \u201ccoordination\u201d appears as a concept in a number of federal acts, it promotes consultation and does not allow lower government to have veto over federal agencies, or direct them to comply with local governments. In least six Oregon counties a Hard Right interpretation of coordination, or a version influenced by it, has been invoked, by county commissions, sheriffs, and even a mining district. However, if there is vigorous enough resistance from below, and a lack of resources or political will to enforce the law from above, sometimes local governments can get away with these tactics\u2014or at least force compromises from the federal government. Sometimes it can be used in conjunction with other tactics in a \u201cgood cop, bad cop\u201d scenario to pressure the federal government: for example, a county government might press for the Hard Right version of coordination; if ignored, the sheriff might (as happened in two recent instances) threaten to arrest federal agents who are performing their jobs, or imply that a Malheur Refuge-style armed takeover is in the wings.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For a takeover threat in Oregon, see \u201cSheriff warns Eastern Oregon monument proposal could spark standoff,\u201d <em>Mail Tribune<\/em> (Medford, OR), May 23, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20160523\/NEWS\/160529775\">www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20160523\/NEWS\/160529775<\/a>. For a threat to arrest federal workers in Utah, see Kirk Siegler, \u201cUtah Sheriffs Threaten To Arrest Rangers If They Try To Close Public Lands,\u201d <em>NPR<\/em>, May 31, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2016\/05\/31\/480100279\/utah-sheriff-threatens-to-arrest-rangers-if-they-try-to-close-public-lands\">www.npr.org\/2016\/05\/31\/480100279\/utah-sheriff-threatens-to-arrest-rangers-if-they-try-to-close-public-lands<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As part of their \u201cinside\u201d strategy, both the Oath Keepers and CSPOA recruit active law enforcement personnel who swear not to enact laws claimed to be \u201cunconstitutional,\u201d which means they are being recruited to practice nullification. For CSPOA, nullifying gun laws is their most popular issue\u2014just as the Three Percenters\u2019 central claim is to resist new gun laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The recruitment of law enforcement officers is especially worrisome since the Patriot movement engages in armed politics and threats. This was one concern with Grant County Sheriff Glenn Palmer, a CSPOA member who met with the Malheur occupiers on two occasions. Will constitutional sheriffs like Palmer enforce the law against their political brethren, or will they see their threats against community members as \u201cconstitutional\u201d? CSPOA leader Mack says his group will be \u201cthe army to set our nation free.\u201d While they claim they are merely trying to block federal overreach, it looks more and more like they are building a force inside the U.S. government to encourage officials to engage in seditious political actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is also a tactical reason for the movement\u2019s fixation on the sheriffs. An <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em> reporter pointed out that, \u201ceven if state regulators were to revoke Palmer\u2019s law enforcement certification, it would not necessarily lead to him being removed from office. If he were to perform law enforcement duties without certification he would be breaking the law, but only a vote by Grant County citizens could force him from his job.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amanda Peacher, \u201cDOJ Launches Investigation Into Grant County Sheriff,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/grant-county-sheriff-glenn-palmerdoj-investigation\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/grant-county-sheriff-glenn-palmerdoj-investigation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> This insularity seems to be one of the reasons the Patriot movement gravitates towards county sheriffs as a vehicle for their antidemocratic politics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nativism: Islamophobia, Anti-Immigrant, and Anti-Refugee Activism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today\u2019s Patriot movement does not organize by making appeals to White racial purity, which is the ideological hallmark of the organized racist movement. While individual Patriot movement members have associations with organized racist groups, they are fairly small in number and not usually in leadership positions. But the Patriot movement does directly engage in issues whose outcome is, by necessity, to support maintaining white racial demographics at current levels and to oppose a redistribution of social and economic power in society across racial lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anti-immigrant organizing has a special centrality to the Patriot movement, linking it to the mainstream Republican Party as it has shifted right on these issues. As mentioned, the Oath Keepers sent members to Murrieta, California, in 2014 to help block buses carrying immigrants being taken to a detention center. The Patriot movement is linked with vigilante border patrols as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One article on the national Oath Keepers website says that \u201cmany\u201d \u201cThird World immigrants and refugees\u201d have \u201clater proven to harbor terrorist intentions,\u201d and therefore allowing them entry \u201cis a form of assisted national suicide.\u201d Immigration is fueled by \u201cvarious subversive agencies&nbsp;and foundations striving to \u2018consume the host\u2019 with \u2018seedlings\u2019\u201d [i.e., the United States and immigrants, respectively]. The article claims that these organizations are in turn controlled by liberal financier George Soros. In another, leader Stewart Rhodes declares that Mexican drug cartels are taking over towns on the U.S. border, while ISIS members \u201cfreely\u201d cross into the country.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">David Codrea, \u201cRed-Green Axis Spells Out Danger Threatening to Destroy the Republic,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, August 24, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/red-green-axis-spells-out-danger-threatening-to-destroy-the-republic\">www.oathkeepers.org\/red-green-axis-spells-out-danger-threatening-to-destroy-the-republic<\/a>; \u201cNote from Stewart Rhodes,\u201d in Larry Diffey, \u201cObama Must be Impeached And Removed To Stop His \u2018Amnesty\u2019 Of Illegals,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals\">www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Islamophobia has largely replaced the open and coded antisemitism that was common in the 1990s militia movement,<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">While antisemitism is certainly more muted\u2014many in the post-2008 Patriot movement have taken a pro-Israel position\u2014it can still be found, usually in coded forms. Two Malheur occupiers, Brand Thornton&nbsp;and David Fry, were reported to hold antisemitic views. See \u201cAnatomy of a Standoff,\u201d <em>Anti-Defamation League<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf\">www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf<\/a>; Ryan Haas, \u201cMilitant Website Creator David Fry: \u2018I\u2019m Not ISIS\u2019,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militant-website-creator-david-fry-im-not-isis\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militant-website-creator-david-fry-im-not-isis<\/a>. Some media outlets, like <em>News With Views<\/em> and <em>The Voice of Idaho<\/em>, run coded antisemitic articles. The national Oath Keepers website has also run several articles promoting the crypto-antisemitc conspiracy theory of \u201cCultural Marxism.\u201d See, for example: Alan Stang, \u201cZionism and the Jewish Conspiracy, Part 1 of 2,\u201d <em>News With Views<\/em>, February 17, 2009, www.newswithviews.com\/Stang\/alan187.htm; Alan Stang, \u201cZionism and the Jewish Conspiracy, Part 2 of 2,\u201d <em>News With Views<\/em>, February 17, 2009, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newswithviews.com\/Stang\/alan188.htm\">www.newswithviews.com\/Stang\/alan188.htm<\/a>; Jonas E. Alexis, \u201cVladimir Putin Declares War on the Zionist Media,\u201d The Voice of Idaho, April 3, 2016, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/tvoinews.net\/outside\/vladimir-putin-declares-war-zionist-media;<\/span> Brandon Smith, \u201cHow To Stamp Out Cultural Marxism In A Single Generation,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, October 27, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation\">www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> while using many of the same narratives\u2014only now projected onto Muslims. This includes the widespread conspiracy theory on the Right claiming the President secretly belongs to a minority religion, and is acting against his country\u2019s interests. Muslims are portrayed as a minority which refuses to assimilate, and is actively undermining the nation\u2019s moral values from within.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arizona\u2019s John Ritzheimer is a well-known Islamophobic organizer who came to Oregon as part of the Malheur occupation. Oregon Patriot movement organizers had picked up Ritzheimer\u2019s October 10, 2015 \u201cGlobal Rally for Humanity\u201d targeting Muslims (The Oregon group, under pressure from local progressive group Oregon Action, changed their rally\u2019s name).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(18)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Peter Holley, \u201cThe \u2018unhinged\u2019 Oregon protestor that the FBI has been tracking for months,\u201d<em> Washington Post<\/em>, January 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/morning-mix\/wp\/2016\/01\/05\/why-a-notorious-anti-islam-radical-turned-on-the-federal-government-in-oregon\">www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/morning-mix\/wp\/2016\/01\/05\/why-a-notorious-anti-islam-radical-turned-on-the-federal-government-in-oregon<\/a><u>; <\/u>Nick Morgan, \u201cPurported &#8216;anti-Muslim&#8217; protest in Medford turns out to be pro-police rally,\u201d <em>Mail Tribune<\/em> (Medford), October 10, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20151010\/NEWS\/151019946\">www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20151010\/NEWS\/151019946<\/a>; David Neiwert, \u201cMilitiamen Plan to Bring Guns to Mosques Around Nation in &#8216;Global&#8217; Protest of Islam,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, October 9, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2015\/10\/09\/militiamen-plan-bring-guns-mosques-around-nation-global-protest-islam\">www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2015\/10\/09\/militiamen-plan-bring-guns-mosques-around-nation-global-protest-islam<\/a>. Oregon Action fused with the Center for Intercultural Organizing, and they are now a new organization called Unite Oregon.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Another participant at the Malheur occupation and Sugar Pine Mine action was Blaine Cooper, who made a video of himself wrapping pages of the Koran in bacon and setting them on fire.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(19)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cA Message to Muslims Islam and President Obama Blaine Cooper Burns the Quran Islam Roast,\u201d YouTube video, 4:29, posted by \u201cBoddyxpolitic,\u201d May 13, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zPaECrZ6H7k\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zPaECrZ6H7k<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The October 10, 2015 \u201cGlobal Rally for Humanity\u201d was organized by Islamophobe John Ritzheimer. The Medford, Oregon event completely changed its Islamophobic theme after opposition from Oregon Action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16079\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Global-Rally-before-300x225-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16079\"\/><figcaption>BEFORE<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16080\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"206\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Global-Rally-after-300x206-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16080\"\/><figcaption>AFTER<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These two nativist strains of anti-immigration and Islamophobia come together in the movement as activism opposed resettlement of refugees fleeing the civil war in Syria. The 3% of Idaho group, which is influential in the Oregon Patriot movement and in activism in Burns, Oregon, held a number of public rallies in Boise and Twin Falls, Idaho, in 2015 opposing the potential settlement of Syrian refugees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast to the otherwise libertarian economics\u2014but pandering to their base\u2014some Patriot movement activists claim that the refugees should not be allowed in the country because the funds should go to veterans instead. Their slogan is \u201cVets Before Refugees.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coordination: How the Patriot Movement Reimagines Governmental Ties<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cCoordination\u201d is a process which allows state, county, and other lower-level governments to give input to federal agencies\u2019 land use plans, in an attempt to achieve consistency. While this process is mentioned in a number of federal acts, the Hard Right promotes an interpretation of it which is close to its doctrines of the county governments as holding more power than the federal government, including the notion that county sheriffs can decide what laws are constitutional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Coordination is mentioned in federal acts including the Federal Land Management Planning Act (FLMPA), the National Forest Management Act (NFMA), and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)&nbsp;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(20)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The American Stewards of Liberty name a number of other acts, including the Endangered Species Act, Travel Management Plan Coordination Regulations, Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (16 USC 2003), Metropolitan Transportation Planning (23 USC 134), Homeland Security Organization (6 USC 101), Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 USC 1271), Clean Air Act (42 USC 7401), and Clean Water Act (33 USC 1251). See \u201cKey Federal Statutes,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/key-federal-statutes\">www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/key-federal-statutes<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.&nbsp;The most commonly cited one is FLPMA. It says the Bureau of Land Management, should, to the \u201cextent\u201d it is \u201cpractical\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u201ckeep apprised of State, local, and tribal land use plans,\u201d<\/li><li>\u201cassure that consideration is given to those State, local, and tribal plans that are germane in the development of land use plans for public lands,\u201d<\/li><li>\u201cassist in resolving, to the extent practical, inconsistencies between Federal and non-Federal Government plans,\u201d and<\/li><li>\u201cprovide for meaningful public involvement of State and local government officials, both elected and appointed, in the development of land use programs, land use regulations, and land use decisions for public lands, including early public notice of proposed decisions which may have a significant impact on non-Federal lands.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(21)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Section 202 (43 U.S.C. 1712) in U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management and Office of the Solicitor, eds., <i>The Federal Land Policy and Management Act, as amended<\/i> (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Office of Public Affairs, 2001), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Communications_Directorate\/legislation.Par.3647.File.dat\/FLPMA.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Communications_Directorate\/legislation.Par.3647.File.dat\/FLPMA.pdf<\/span><\/a>, 4. Similar language appears in the Bureau of Land Management\u2019s <i>A Desk Guide to Cooperating Agency Relationships and Coordination with Intergovernmental Partners<\/i>, 2012, 21\u201323, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources\/NEPS.Par.93370.File.dat\/BLM_DeskGuide_CA_Relationships.pdf\">www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources\/NEPS.Par.93370.File.dat\/BLM_DeskGuide_CA_Relationships.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Hard Right changes the reading of this, following its tradition of redefining legal language for its own political ends. For instance, the American Stewards for Liberty, a Texas-based nonprofit which promotes coordination, claims that it provides local governments with \u201can equal position at the negotiating table with federal and state government agencies.\u201d Joseph Rice, an Oregon Oath Keepers leader, says federal agencies must \u201ccoordinate to consensus\u201d\u2014thereby giving \u201cveto power\u201d to the lower governments.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(22)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cCoordination Overview, part 1 of the 3 part series,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-overview\">www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-overview<\/a>. Joseph Rice uses the phrase \u201ccoordinate to consensus,\u201d including in an interview with the author, July 17, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some individuals go further, claiming that federal agencies must accept the lower government\u2019s plans. And Hard Right activists have promoted the idea that \u201clocal governments\u201d include not just states, counties, and tribes, but also cities, water and school districts, sheriffs departments, and mining districts. Rice even claims that Committees of Safety\u2014Patriot movement shadow governments\u2014can invoke coordination as well.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(23)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cWho Can Coordinate?,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/who-can-coordinate\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.americanstewards.us\/who-can-coordinate<\/u><\/span><\/a>. In Oregon, county sheriffs Gil Gilbertson and Glenn Palmer, as well as the Jefferson Mining District, have invoked coordination.<b> <\/b>Joseph Rice has claimed the power for the Committees of Safety; telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The best-known promoters of the Hard Right version of coordination are the American Stewards of Liberty and its former president, Fred Kelly Grant, who keeps a busy speaking schedule. For them, coordination is a vehicle for anti-environmental politics; the Hard Right version seems to be invoked by local governments seeking to maximize resource extraction on federal lands, which they hope will revive moribund rural economies. The American Stewards of Liberty, for example, also tries to \u201cdelist\u201d species from the Endangered Species Act, and encourages lower governments to commission their own environmental studies.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(24)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cDelisting,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/delisting\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.americanstewards.us\/delisting<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Joshua Zaffos, \u201cCounties use a \u2018coordination\u2019 clause to fight the feds,\u201d <i>High Country News<\/i>, May 11, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;Grant also loudly promotes the Agenda 21 conspiracy theory.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(25)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ryan Sabalow, \u201cFred Kelly Grant talks Agenda 21, \u2018coordination\u2019 with local activists,\u201d <i>Record Searchlight <\/i>(Boulevard Redding, CA), January 23, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Federal agencies reject the Hard Right version. So does the Montana Human Rights Network, an independent watchdog, which says coordination means that federal agencies are required to take the opinions of local governmental entities into planning considerations, but only when <i>\u201cit is practical, upholds the laws governing public lands, and is consistent with federal law.<\/i>\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(26)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Montana Human Rights Network, \u201cRecycled County Supremacy Gains Traction, Lacks Legal Basis,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network, <\/i>November 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>. See also<b> <\/b>Kenneth P. Pitt, \u201cLegal Analysis of the Montana Senate Bill\u2014SB117, Entitled \u2018The Montana Coordination Act of 2011,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network<\/i>, June 26, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact%20sheets%20and%20adivsories\/Final%20Legal%20Memo%20on%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact sheets and adivsories\/Final Legal Memo on Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;They base this on a legal memo which affirms that neither the Forest Service, nor the Bureau of Land Management, are obligated to conform to local government land use plans. (The memo also notes that coordination obligations are limited to the \u201cland planning process,\u201d and are not applicable to the \u201cgeneral decision making process.\u201d) And it points out that\u2014despite attempts by Grant and American Stewards of Liberty to redefine the term \u201ccoordination\u201d itself to mean an \u201cequal position\u201d\u2014the courts will defer to the agencies\u2019 interpretation of terms used in their own acts, as long as they do not clash with Congress\u2019s intentions.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(27)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kenneth P. Pitt, \u201cLegal Analysis of the Montana Senate Bill\u2014SB117, Entitled \u2018The Montana Coordination Act of 2011,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network<\/i>, June 26, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact%20sheets%20and%20adivsories\/Final%20Legal%20Memo%20on%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact sheets and adivsories\/Final Legal Memo on Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><br>Federal land-use agencies have also issued documents dispelling Far Right interpretations of coordination, and defining what the process entails. A Forest Service FAQ says:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under NFMA [National Forest Management Act] and the planning regulations, the Forest Service is required to coordinate land management planning for the National Forest System with land management planning conducted by state and local governments. However, the Forest Service is not required to adopt recommendations made by state and local entities. In particular, the Forest Service is not required to incorporate specific provisions of county ordinances or resolutions into land management plans or to comply with procedural requirements, such as a requirement to obtain county approval before amending or revising a land management plan. Neither the statutes governing Forest Service land management planning nor their implementing regulations provide for more than an advisory role for state and local governments.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(28)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">U.S. Forest Service, \u201cFrequently Asked Questions: U.S. Forest Service Coordination with State and Local Governments,\u201d three page flyer. The Wallowa-Whitman Forest Supervisor, Thomas Montoya, sent this to Baker County Commission Chair Bill Harvey, along with a letter, dated November 19, 2015, discussing the meaning of coordination. PDF in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How coordination plays out in real life between federal agencies and local governments is more complex, however. It appears that local governments, like Oregon\u2019s Baker County, sometimes invoke coordination, use their legally guaranteed entry point, and then\u2014fuelled by Hard Right theories and tactics\u2014attempt to widen the gap of how much say they have over land-use decisions on federal lands by insisting on the Hard Right reading. At other times\u2014as with Oregon\u2019s Josephine County\u2014it seems that they start the process with the Hard Right version in mind, and end up agreeing with the regularly accepted one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pressures on under-budgeted federal agencies that oversee public lands\u2014the employees of which are sometimes literally under attack from more radical Patriot movement and other land use activists\u2014appears to have some level of success in wringing concessions to county land use desires, even though agencies are not legally obligated to provide them. <i>High Country News<\/i> writes that, \u201cFederal managers acknowledge that they meet more frequently with local officials in counties that have passed coordination resolutions and drafted resource policies\u2014but not because they\u2019re required to heed those plans.\u201d (They also report that the Bureau of Land Management has done joint trainings with the American Stewards of Liberty.)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(29)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Joshua Zaffos, \u201cCounties use a \u2018coordination\u2019 clause to fight the feds,\u201d <i>High Country News<\/i>, May 11, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s not clear why counties who invoke coordination get more attention. It may be a case of \u201cthe squeaky wheel gets the grease,\u201d where counties that have been ignored by federal agencies are now brought into dialogue. It may also be true that federal agencies are worried that a county that invokes coordination is already rife with Patriot movement politics, and it is better to make compromises rather than risk a Bundy Ranch or Malheur National Wildlife Refuge-style armed standoff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, other counties have not had such positive results. Craig Sullivan, the head of the County Supervisors Association of Arizona, testified during discussion about a 2011 coordination bill in the Montana legislature. Sullivan said a similar bill, passed in Arizona, did nothing to facilitate federal-local cooperation; its only effect was to give voters the idea that county supervisors could control federal agencies.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(30)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Montana Human Rights Network, \u201cRecycled County Supremacy Gains Traction, Lacks Legal Basis,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network, <\/i>November 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;Counties that are insistent on pursuing the Hard Right interpretation may also empty their coffers on lawsuits that are bound to fail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Travis McAdam, former executive director of the Montana Human Rights Network, says Hard Right advocates of coordination have \u201cmerely put a new face on the longtime anti-government doctrine of county supremacy.\u201d\u0002<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(31)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\">Ibid<\/a>, 13.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;During this movement, popular between 1991 and 1994, counties passed ordinances to try and gain control over federal lands\u2014including six in Oregon.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(32)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The six were Coos, Grant, Lake, Union, Wallowa, and Wheeler. See Rob Eure, \u201cLand Grab,\u201d <i>Oregonian<\/i>, July 24, 1995, A1, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/search\/Oregonian\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.oregonlive.com\/search\/Oregonian<\/u><\/span><\/a> (behind a paywall).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;Catron County, New Mexico, passed one saying the federal government had to have county approval to change public land use. On a more extreme note, Nye County, Nevada, challenged the legality of federal ownership altogether, claiming that these public lands belonged to the state. The Nye County ordinance was struck down by the courts, but Catron County rescinded their ordinance, and instead claimed \u201cjoint lead agency status\u201d under coordination language in the Public Rangelands Improvement Act. The county said it gave them \u201cequal footing\u201d with the Forest Service; the agency claimed it did not diminish their authority, but signed a Memorandum of Understanding anyway.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(33)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Elizabeth M. Osenbaugh and Nancy K. Stoner, \u201cThe County Supremacy Movement,\u201d <i>Urban Lawyer<\/i> 28, no. 3 (Summer 1996): 500\u2013501, 508; Susan Schock, \u201cCivil Unrest: County Movements Declare War on the United States,\u201d in <i>The Second Revolution: States Rights\u2019, Sovereignty, and Power of the County<\/i>, ed. Eric Ward<i> <\/i>(Seattle: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1997), 150\u201351.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The American Stewards for Liberty makes the clever argument that coordination is completely different than county supremacy. The group turns arguments about local authority on their head, instead affirming that Congress has \u201cexclusive power over the federal lands.\u201d They then argue that since the federal government is the highest authority, and coordination is based on federal laws, therefore federal agencies are obligated to coordinate with lower-level governments.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(34)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cCoordination, the 4 \u2018C\u2019s\u2019, and Supremacy,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-the-4-cs-and-supremacy\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-the-4-cs-and-supremacy<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;In reality, their views are a continuation of the second tactic employed by Catron County used during the County Supremacy movement: re-reading federal coordination clauses to give the counties more power than the agencies have granted them.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>Coordination in Oregon<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Hard Right version of coordination has attracted very mainstream support, and the Oregon Republican Party includes it in its platform.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(35)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">As happens in some cases, it is difficult to tell if the Oregon Republican Party is invoking coordination in the normally accepted manner, or in the fringe interpretation\u2014although the language of \u201ceconomy, culture, and history\u201d implies the latter. Their platform says, \u201cWe strongly support and encourage the \u2018Coordination\u2019 process, as defined by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, by local governments to ensure federal projects are consistent with local plans, economy, culture and history.\u201d See section 5.1 in \u201cOregon Republican Party 2015 Platform as amended October 24th 2015,\u201d <i>Oregon GOP<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oregon.gop\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/ORP_2015_Platform_as_AMENDED_2015-10-24.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/oregon.gop\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/ORP_2015_Platform_as_AMENDED_2015-10-24.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;There are also at least six Oregon counties where the Hard Right version of coordination, or one influenced by that approach, has been pushed. The proposal often bubbles up following one of Fred Kelly Grant\u2019s paid seminars to local governments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The chair of the Josephine County Commission brought Fred Kelley Grant to town in July 2011, where he gave a two-day seminar on coordination, one for county sheriffs and one for the public. Immediately afterward, the county commission and county sheriff pursued coordination efforts\u2014although to what extent these complied with the regularly accepted version of the concept varies. The county commission has pushed a version of coordination influenced by Grant numerous times, starting in at least 2010. As of August 2016, they currently have established cordial relations with the Forest Service but apparently have had no success with the Bureau of Land Management. The former sheriff, Gil Gilbertson, also invoked coordination in 2011, claiming the right to keep roads open. The Jefferson Mining District in southwestern Oregon also claims right to coordination.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(36)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jim Foley, \u201cMining Districts: A Concept Reborn,\u201d <i>ICMJ\u2019s Prospecting &amp; Mining <\/i>Journal, 81, no. 2 (October 2011), <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.icmj.com\/article.php?id=1453<\/u><\/span>; letter from Arthur Sappington (Jefferson Mining District) to Mr. Pena (USDA Forest Service), dated October 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeffersonminingdistrict.com\/letter_to_pena_12_%202014refWalden.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.jeffersonminingdistrict.com\/letter_to_pena_12_ 2014refWalden.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;It appears that while activists pressing the commission for coordination adhered to the Hard Right version, the current county legal counsel says that coordination does not mean that counties can dictate land use to the federal government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Baker County, County Commission Chair Bill Harvey has pushed coordination. After taking office in January 2015, Harvey and his supporters in the county\u2019s Natural Resources Advisory Committee created a Natural Resources Plan, usually the movement\u2019s first step in invoking coordination.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(37)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joshua Dillen, \u201cCounty, Forest Service discuss coordination,\u201d <i>Baker City Herald<\/i>, October 2, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bakercityherald.com\/Local-News\/County-Forest-Service-discuss-coordination\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.bakercityherald.com\/Local-News\/County-Forest-Service-discuss-coordination<\/u><\/span><\/a>; letter from Thomas Montoya to Bill Harvey (file code 1950), November 19, 2015, PDF in author\u2019s possession.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;When Grant spoke at a Baker City banquet in May 2015, he said it was the seventh time he had come there. He returned in August 2015 to give a three-day seminar, which featured County Commission Chair Harvey as \u201cemcee\/moderator.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(38)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For the May banquet, see: Kerry McQuisten, \u201cFred Kelly Grant, Rep. Kerry White come to FAFA event,\u201d <i>Baker County Press<\/i>, May 22, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-1.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>; The 10th Amendment Institute of the Stand and Fight Club Inc, \u201cCoordination 101,\u201d one-page flyer, <i>Forest Access for All<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>; The 10th Amendment Institute of the Stand and Fight Club Inc., \u201cCoordination 101,\u201d event program, <i>Forest Access for All<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-101-Daily-Program.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-101-Daily-Program.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>. As emcee, see Fred Kelly Grant, \u201cLetters to the Editor,\u201d <i>Baker City Herald<\/i>, September 2, 2015 (updated Feb 13, 2016), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bakercityherald.com\/Letters\/Letters-to-the-Editor-for-Sept-2-2015\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.bakercityherald.com\/Letters\/Letters-to-the-Editor-for-Sept-2-2015<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16081\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"484\" height=\"617\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2016-09-18-at-6.04.05-PM.png\" alt=\"Fred Kelly Grant and others gave a three-day seminar on coordination in Baker City, Oregon in August 2015.\" class=\"wp-image-16081\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2016-09-18-at-6.04.05-PM.png 484w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2016-09-18-at-6.04.05-PM-235x300.png 235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/><figcaption>Fred Kelly Grant and others gave a three-day seminar on coordination in Baker City, Oregon in August 2015.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Grant County, Sheriff Glenn Palmer deputized eleven people to create a \u201cNatural Resources Plan\u201d modeled on Baker County\u2019s; all of this was apparently done in secret. In October 2015, Palmer announced to the county commission that he was invoking coordination, and asked for the commission\u2019s support. They eventually turned him down for a more collaborative approach.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(39)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">George Plaven, \u201cGrant County sheriff demands coordination with Forest Service,\u201d <i>East Oregonian<\/i>, October 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eastoregonian.com\/eo\/local-news\/20151009\/grant-county-sheriff-demands-coordination-with-forest-service\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.eastoregonian.com\/eo\/local-news\/20151009\/grant-county-sheriff-demands-coordination-with-forest-service<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Sean Hart, \u201cLocal collaborative awarded $4 million in federal forest restoration funding,\u201d <i>Blue Mountain Eagle<\/i>, April 5 (updated April 6), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bluemountaineagle.com\/Local_News\/20160405\/local-collaborative-awarded-4-million-in-federal-forest-restoration-funding\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.bluemountaineagle.com\/Local_News\/20160405\/local-collaborative-awarded-4-million-in-federal-forest-restoration-funding<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;Fred Kelly Grant also spoke in John Day, the largest town in Grant County, at the end of November 2015.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(40)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Flyer for Fred Kelly Grant talk on \u201cCoordination,\u201d November 28, 2015, John Day, Oregon. PDF in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16082\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"556\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/FKG-Nov-28-in-John-Day.jpg\" alt=\"Coordination advocate Fred Kelly Grant spoke in John Day, Oregon in November 2015.\" class=\"wp-image-16082\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/FKG-Nov-28-in-John-Day.jpg 556w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/FKG-Nov-28-in-John-Day-232x300.jpg 232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\" \/><figcaption>Coordination advocate Fred Kelly Grant spoke in John Day, Oregon in November 2015.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Wallowa County, Commissioner Paul Castilleja has attended Fred Kelly Grant talks, and has pushed for coordination.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(41)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Paul Castilleja, email to author, July 19, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Crook County in February 2016, a private group, the Crook County Natural Resources Political Action Committee (tied to the Central Oregon Patriots group), brought Baker\u2019s County\u2019s Harvey to Prineville to give a seminar on coordination.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(42)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPublic Presentation: \u2018Coordination\u2019,\u201d Facebook event for February 20, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/events\/945547642203123\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.facebook.com\/events\/945547642203123<\/u><\/span><\/a>. The event itself was recorded and is online: \u201cCoordination meeting #1,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video, 57:41, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d March 4, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8ISxfkIalHA\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8ISxfkIalHA<\/u><\/span><\/a>; \u201cCoordination meeting #2,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video<i>,<\/i> 57:36, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d March 4, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rHpPuPtMaoo\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rHpPuPtMaoo<\/u><\/span><\/a>; \u201cCoordination meeting #3,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video, 24:45, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d March 4, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xN39GR--rpc\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xN39GR&#8211;rpc<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;The PAC developed a natural resource plan and attempted to get the county commission to adopt it. The scheme won the support of three county commissioners or judges at one point,<b> <\/b>although in August 2016 it was rejected.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_43');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_43');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(43)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cJason Chaney, \u201cCitizens to form local natural resource plan,\u201d <i>Central Oregonian<\/i>, February 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/ceo\/162-news\/291526-167892-citizens-to-form-local-natural-resource-plan\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/ceo\/162-news\/291526-167892-citizens-to-form-local-natural-resource-plan<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>; Amanda Peacher, \u201cCrook County Leaders Unexpectedly Table Natural Resource Plan,\u201d <i>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/i>, July 20, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-leaders-table-natural-resource-plan\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-leaders-table-natural-resource-plan<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Minutes of Crook County Court, \u201cDiscussion of Natural Resource Planning,\u201d <i>Crook County, Oregon<\/i>, February 3, 2016, 7\u20138, <a href=\"http:\/\/co.crook.or.us\/Portals\/0\/minutes%20February%203%202016.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/co.crook.or.us\/Portals\/0\/minutes<\/span> February 3 2016.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Amanda Peacher, \u201cCrook County Rejects Controversial Natural Resources Plan,\u201d <i>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/i>, August 30, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-rejects-natural-resource-plan\">www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-rejects-natural-resource-plan<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16083\"><figure class=\"alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Harvey-in-Crook-on-Coordination-e1474236712404-300x280-1.png\" alt=\"Baker County Commission Chair Bill Harvey gave a seminar in Crook County to teach the Hard Right version of \u201ccoordination.\u201d He met with two county commissioners and one candidate.\" class=\"wp-image-16083\"\/><figcaption>Baker County Commission Chair Bill Harvey gave a seminar in Crook County to teach the Hard Right version of \u201ccoordination.\u201d He met with two county commissioners and one candidate.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last, the Harney County Committee of Safety was touted as having the powers of coordination. Josephine County Oath Keepers\u2019 leader Joseph Rice said, in the meeting held directly after the January 2, 2016 march (and while the occupation had just started), that, \u201cThe Committee of Safety that\u2019s formed, what\u2019s unique about that, is that is the establishment of a governmental entity. That forces BLM, in their own policy, they must coordinate with you. It becomes no different than a school district, a mining district, or a fire district; they\u2019re pseudo-government entities.\u201d It is unclear, however, if Committee members believed this themselves.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_44');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15847_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(44)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cJan. 2, 2016 Town Hall Meeting,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video, 1:08:00, posted by \u201cLiberty Under Attack,\u201d April 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A3t1SopHD18\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A3t1SopHD18<\/u><\/span><\/a>; see around 5:23. Harney County Committee of Safety members did not respond to emails regarding this.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15847_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15847_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15847_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15847_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_15847_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For more information, see \u201cLand Use &amp; the \u2018Patriots\u2019,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, August 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/get-informed\/intelligence-report\/browse-all-issues\/2014\/fall\/Land-Use-The-Patriots-A-timeline\">www.splcenter.org\/get-informed\/intelligence-report\/browse-all-issues\/2014\/fall\/Land-Use-The-Patriots-A-timeline<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The states are Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. See Carol Hardy Vincent, Laura A. Hanson, and Jerome P. Bjelopera, \u201cFederal Land Ownership: Overview and Data,\u201d <em>Federation of American Scientists<\/em>, December 29, 2014, 20, <a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R42346.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R42346.pdf<\/span><\/a>. Land was redistributed in Alaska until 1986; see Mary Apple, \u201cBLM Commemorates Homestead Act,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management<\/em>, Winter 2011, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/mt\/st\/en\/info\/newsroom\/steward\/11winter\/pxburn.html\">www.blm.gov\/mt\/st\/en\/info\/newsroom\/steward\/11winter\/pxburn.html<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Josephine County Oath Keepers leader Joseph Rice and Baker County Commissioner Bill Harvey both said they do not believe in human-caused climate change. Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016; Harvey, email to author, August 11, 2016. The Oath Keepers run articles defending climate change denialists and attacking climate change science. See, for example, Larry Diffey, \u201cThe Government KNOWS That Global Cooling Will Kill Millions But Still Refuses To Admit It Exists,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, February 4, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/the-government-knows-that-global-cooling-will-kill-millions-but-still-refuses-to-admit-it-exists\">www.oathkeepers.org\/the-government-knows-that-global-cooling-will-kill-millions-but-still-refuses-to-admit-it-exists<\/a><u>;<\/u> Larry Diffey, \u201cAnti-Science: Those Who Wish To Debate Climate Threatened With Death Or Jail,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, March 24, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/anti-science-those-who-wish-to-debate-climate-threatened-with-death-or-jail\">www.oathkeepers.org\/anti-science-those-who-wish-to-debate-climate-threatened-with-death-or-jail<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Eric Ethington, \u201cMilitias and Public Lands: A Utah Story,\u201d <em>Salt Lake City Weekly<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cityweekly.net\/utah\/the-utah-connection\/Content?oid=3136325\">www.cityweekly.net\/utah\/the-utah-connection\/Content?oid=3136325<\/a>; \u201cFree the Lands,\u201d <em>Federalism in Action<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.federalisminaction.com\/issues-2\/freethelands\">www.federalisminaction.com\/issues-2\/freethelands<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cRepublican Platform 2016,\u201d <em>Republican National Committee<\/em>, 21,<br><a href=\"https:\/\/prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com\/media\/documents\/DRAFT_12_FINAL%5B1%5D-ben_1468872234.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com\/media\/documents\/DRAFT_12_FINAL%5B1%5D-ben_1468872234.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cThursday &#8211; 1\/14\/16 &#8211; Update (1) from Malheur Wildlife Refuge In Burns, OR &#8211; #OregonFront,\u201d YouTube video, 3:51:13, posted by \u201cPete Santilli Show,\u201d January 14, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=75bJlvQ7qM0\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=75bJlvQ7qM0<\/a>; see around 41:50. Joseph Rice of the Oath Keepers of Josephine County said he favored a mix of state and county control; telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stern, <em>A Force Upon the Plain<\/em>, 125.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cIdaho lands\u2014and recreation access\u2014lost to the HIGHEST BIDDER,\u201d <em>Wilderness Society<\/em>, May 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/wilderness.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Idaho%20lands%20-%20TWS%20Report%20%28May%202016%29.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/wilderness.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Idaho<\/span> lands &#8211; TWS Report %28May 2016%29.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAbout,\u201d<em> American Stewards of Liberty<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/about\">www.americanstewards.us\/about<\/a><u>;<\/u> \u201cAbout Fred Kelly Grant,\u201d <em>Stand &amp; Fight Club<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For example, by the CATO Institute. See Terry L. Anderson, Vernon L. Smith, and Emily Simmons, \u201cHow and Why to Privatize Federal Lands,\u201d <em>Policy Analysis<\/em>, November 9, 1999, <a href=\"http:\/\/object.cato.org\/sites\/cato.org\/files\/pubs\/pdf\/pa363.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/object.cato.org\/sites\/cato.org\/files\/pubs\/pdf\/pa363.pdf<\/span><\/a><u>.<\/u> More recently, CATO has called the lands not to be transferred, but for fiduciary trusts to manage the lands. See Randal O&#8217;Toole, \u201cA Matter of Trust: Why Congress Should Turn Federal Lands into Fiduciary Trusts,\u201d <em>CATO Institute<\/em>, January 15, 2009, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cato.org\/publications\/policy-analysis\/matter-trust-why-congress-should-turn-federal-lands-fiduciary-trusts\">www.cato.org\/publications\/policy-analysis\/matter-trust-why-congress-should-turn-federal-lands-fiduciary-trusts<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Greg Harman, \u201cAgenda 21: a conspiracy theory puts sustainability in the crosshairs,\u201d <em>Guardian<\/em>, June 24, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/2015\/jun\/24\/agenda-21-conspiracy-theory-sustainability\">www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/2015\/jun\/24\/agenda-21-conspiracy-theory-sustainability<\/a>; Ed Kemmick, \u201cDividing Lines: \u2018Patriots,\u2019 \u2018Oath Keepers\u2019 rattle Big Timber,\u201d<em> Billings Gazette<\/em>, May 16, 2010, <a href=\"http:\/\/billingsgazette.com\/news\/state-and-regional\/montana\/article_d3802772-608a-11df-b185-001cc4c002e0.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/billingsgazette.com\/news\/state-and-regional\/montana\/article_d3802772-608a-11df-b185-001cc4c002e0.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Regarding the fake judges, Mack says \u201cwe\u2019re totally against that,\u201d and says the National Liberty Alliance \u201chas been nothing but a pain in the butt to us; they\u2019re run by dishonest people and it\u2019s a dishonest premise, and it\u2019s absolutely nothing that the CSPOA will have anything to do with.\u201d Richard Mack, telephone interview with author, August 20, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cNullification crisis,\u201d <em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/nullification-crisis\">www.britannica.com\/topic\/nullification-crisis<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For a takeover threat in Oregon, see \u201cSheriff warns Eastern Oregon monument proposal could spark standoff,\u201d <em>Mail Tribune<\/em> (Medford, OR), May 23, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20160523\/NEWS\/160529775\">www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20160523\/NEWS\/160529775<\/a>. For a threat to arrest federal workers in Utah, see Kirk Siegler, \u201cUtah Sheriffs Threaten To Arrest Rangers If They Try To Close Public Lands,\u201d <em>NPR<\/em>, May 31, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2016\/05\/31\/480100279\/utah-sheriff-threatens-to-arrest-rangers-if-they-try-to-close-public-lands\">www.npr.org\/2016\/05\/31\/480100279\/utah-sheriff-threatens-to-arrest-rangers-if-they-try-to-close-public-lands<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amanda Peacher, \u201cDOJ Launches Investigation Into Grant County Sheriff,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/grant-county-sheriff-glenn-palmerdoj-investigation\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/grant-county-sheriff-glenn-palmerdoj-investigation<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">David Codrea, \u201cRed-Green Axis Spells Out Danger Threatening to Destroy the Republic,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, August 24, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/red-green-axis-spells-out-danger-threatening-to-destroy-the-republic\">www.oathkeepers.org\/red-green-axis-spells-out-danger-threatening-to-destroy-the-republic<\/a>; \u201cNote from Stewart Rhodes,\u201d in Larry Diffey, \u201cObama Must be Impeached And Removed To Stop His \u2018Amnesty\u2019 Of Illegals,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals\">www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">While antisemitism is certainly more muted\u2014many in the post-2008 Patriot movement have taken a pro-Israel position\u2014it can still be found, usually in coded forms. Two Malheur occupiers, Brand Thornton&nbsp;and David Fry, were reported to hold antisemitic views. See \u201cAnatomy of a Standoff,\u201d <em>Anti-Defamation League<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf\">www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf<\/a>; Ryan Haas, \u201cMilitant Website Creator David Fry: \u2018I\u2019m Not ISIS\u2019,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militant-website-creator-david-fry-im-not-isis\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militant-website-creator-david-fry-im-not-isis<\/a>. Some media outlets, like <em>News With Views<\/em> and <em>The Voice of Idaho<\/em>, run coded antisemitic articles. The national Oath Keepers website has also run several articles promoting the crypto-antisemitc conspiracy theory of \u201cCultural Marxism.\u201d See, for example: Alan Stang, \u201cZionism and the Jewish Conspiracy, Part 1 of 2,\u201d <em>News With Views<\/em>, February 17, 2009, www.newswithviews.com\/Stang\/alan187.htm; Alan Stang, \u201cZionism and the Jewish Conspiracy, Part 2 of 2,\u201d <em>News With Views<\/em>, February 17, 2009, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newswithviews.com\/Stang\/alan188.htm\">www.newswithviews.com\/Stang\/alan188.htm<\/a>; Jonas E. Alexis, \u201cVladimir Putin Declares War on the Zionist Media,\u201d The Voice of Idaho, April 3, 2016, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/tvoinews.net\/outside\/vladimir-putin-declares-war-zionist-media;<\/span> Brandon Smith, \u201cHow To Stamp Out Cultural Marxism In A Single Generation,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, October 27, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation\">www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Peter Holley, \u201cThe \u2018unhinged\u2019 Oregon protestor that the FBI has been tracking for months,\u201d<em> Washington Post<\/em>, January 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/morning-mix\/wp\/2016\/01\/05\/why-a-notorious-anti-islam-radical-turned-on-the-federal-government-in-oregon\">www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/morning-mix\/wp\/2016\/01\/05\/why-a-notorious-anti-islam-radical-turned-on-the-federal-government-in-oregon<\/a><u>; <\/u>Nick Morgan, \u201cPurported &#8216;anti-Muslim&#8217; protest in Medford turns out to be pro-police rally,\u201d <em>Mail Tribune<\/em> (Medford), October 10, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20151010\/NEWS\/151019946\">www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20151010\/NEWS\/151019946<\/a>; David Neiwert, \u201cMilitiamen Plan to Bring Guns to Mosques Around Nation in &#8216;Global&#8217; Protest of Islam,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, October 9, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2015\/10\/09\/militiamen-plan-bring-guns-mosques-around-nation-global-protest-islam\">www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2015\/10\/09\/militiamen-plan-bring-guns-mosques-around-nation-global-protest-islam<\/a>. Oregon Action fused with the Center for Intercultural Organizing, and they are now a new organization called Unite Oregon.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cA Message to Muslims Islam and President Obama Blaine Cooper Burns the Quran Islam Roast,\u201d YouTube video, 4:29, posted by \u201cBoddyxpolitic,\u201d May 13, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zPaECrZ6H7k\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zPaECrZ6H7k<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The American Stewards of Liberty name a number of other acts, including the Endangered Species Act, Travel Management Plan Coordination Regulations, Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (16 USC 2003), Metropolitan Transportation Planning (23 USC 134), Homeland Security Organization (6 USC 101), Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 USC 1271), Clean Air Act (42 USC 7401), and Clean Water Act (33 USC 1251). See \u201cKey Federal Statutes,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/key-federal-statutes\">www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/key-federal-statutes<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Section 202 (43 U.S.C. 1712) in U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management and Office of the Solicitor, eds., <i>The Federal Land Policy and Management Act, as amended<\/i> (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Office of Public Affairs, 2001), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Communications_Directorate\/legislation.Par.3647.File.dat\/FLPMA.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Communications_Directorate\/legislation.Par.3647.File.dat\/FLPMA.pdf<\/span><\/a>, 4. Similar language appears in the Bureau of Land Management\u2019s <i>A Desk Guide to Cooperating Agency Relationships and Coordination with Intergovernmental Partners<\/i>, 2012, 21\u201323, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources\/NEPS.Par.93370.File.dat\/BLM_DeskGuide_CA_Relationships.pdf\">www.blm.gov\/style\/medialib\/blm\/wo\/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources\/NEPS.Par.93370.File.dat\/BLM_DeskGuide_CA_Relationships.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cCoordination Overview, part 1 of the 3 part series,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-overview\">www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-overview<\/a>. Joseph Rice uses the phrase \u201ccoordinate to consensus,\u201d including in an interview with the author, July 17, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cWho Can Coordinate?,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/who-can-coordinate\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.americanstewards.us\/who-can-coordinate<\/u><\/span><\/a>. In Oregon, county sheriffs Gil Gilbertson and Glenn Palmer, as well as the Jefferson Mining District, have invoked coordination.<b> <\/b>Joseph Rice has claimed the power for the Committees of Safety; telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cDelisting,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/delisting\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.americanstewards.us\/delisting<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Joshua Zaffos, \u201cCounties use a \u2018coordination\u2019 clause to fight the feds,\u201d <i>High Country News<\/i>, May 11, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ryan Sabalow, \u201cFred Kelly Grant talks Agenda 21, \u2018coordination\u2019 with local activists,\u201d <i>Record Searchlight <\/i>(Boulevard Redding, CA), January 23, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Montana Human Rights Network, \u201cRecycled County Supremacy Gains Traction, Lacks Legal Basis,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network, <\/i>November 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>. See also<b> <\/b>Kenneth P. Pitt, \u201cLegal Analysis of the Montana Senate Bill\u2014SB117, Entitled \u2018The Montana Coordination Act of 2011,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network<\/i>, June 26, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact%20sheets%20and%20adivsories\/Final%20Legal%20Memo%20on%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact sheets and adivsories\/Final Legal Memo on Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kenneth P. Pitt, \u201cLegal Analysis of the Montana Senate Bill\u2014SB117, Entitled \u2018The Montana Coordination Act of 2011,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network<\/i>, June 26, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact%20sheets%20and%20adivsories\/Final%20Legal%20Memo%20on%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/fact sheets and adivsories\/Final Legal Memo on Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">U.S. Forest Service, \u201cFrequently Asked Questions: U.S. Forest Service Coordination with State and Local Governments,\u201d three page flyer. The Wallowa-Whitman Forest Supervisor, Thomas Montoya, sent this to Baker County Commission Chair Bill Harvey, along with a letter, dated November 19, 2015, discussing the meaning of coordination. PDF in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Joshua Zaffos, \u201cCounties use a \u2018coordination\u2019 clause to fight the feds,\u201d <i>High Country News<\/i>, May 11, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.hcn.org\/issues\/47.8\/counties-use-a-coordination-clause-to-fight-the-feds<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Montana Human Rights Network, \u201cRecycled County Supremacy Gains Traction, Lacks Legal Basis,\u201d <i>Montana Human Rights Network, <\/i>November 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_31');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\">Ibid<\/a>, 13.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The six were Coos, Grant, Lake, Union, Wallowa, and Wheeler. See Rob Eure, \u201cLand Grab,\u201d <i>Oregonian<\/i>, July 24, 1995, A1, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/search\/Oregonian\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.oregonlive.com\/search\/Oregonian<\/u><\/span><\/a> (behind a paywall).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Elizabeth M. Osenbaugh and Nancy K. Stoner, \u201cThe County Supremacy Movement,\u201d <i>Urban Lawyer<\/i> 28, no. 3 (Summer 1996): 500\u2013501, 508; Susan Schock, \u201cCivil Unrest: County Movements Declare War on the United States,\u201d in <i>The Second Revolution: States Rights\u2019, Sovereignty, and Power of the County<\/i>, ed. Eric Ward<i> <\/i>(Seattle: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1997), 150\u201351.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cCoordination, the 4 \u2018C\u2019s\u2019, and Supremacy,\u201d <i>American Stewards of Liberty<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-the-4-cs-and-supremacy\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.americanstewards.us\/programs\/coordination\/coordination-the-4-cs-and-supremacy<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_35');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">As happens in some cases, it is difficult to tell if the Oregon Republican Party is invoking coordination in the normally accepted manner, or in the fringe interpretation\u2014although the language of \u201ceconomy, culture, and history\u201d implies the latter. Their platform says, \u201cWe strongly support and encourage the \u2018Coordination\u2019 process, as defined by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, by local governments to ensure federal projects are consistent with local plans, economy, culture and history.\u201d See section 5.1 in \u201cOregon Republican Party 2015 Platform as amended October 24th 2015,\u201d <i>Oregon GOP<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/oregon.gop\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/ORP_2015_Platform_as_AMENDED_2015-10-24.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/oregon.gop\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/ORP_2015_Platform_as_AMENDED_2015-10-24.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_36');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_36\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jim Foley, \u201cMining Districts: A Concept Reborn,\u201d <i>ICMJ\u2019s Prospecting &amp; Mining <\/i>Journal, 81, no. 2 (October 2011), <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.icmj.com\/article.php?id=1453<\/u><\/span>; letter from Arthur Sappington (Jefferson Mining District) to Mr. Pena (USDA Forest Service), dated October 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeffersonminingdistrict.com\/letter_to_pena_12_%202014refWalden.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.jeffersonminingdistrict.com\/letter_to_pena_12_ 2014refWalden.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_37');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_37\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joshua Dillen, \u201cCounty, Forest Service discuss coordination,\u201d <i>Baker City Herald<\/i>, October 2, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bakercityherald.com\/Local-News\/County-Forest-Service-discuss-coordination\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.bakercityherald.com\/Local-News\/County-Forest-Service-discuss-coordination<\/u><\/span><\/a>; letter from Thomas Montoya to Bill Harvey (file code 1950), November 19, 2015, PDF in author\u2019s possession.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_38');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_38\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For the May banquet, see: Kerry McQuisten, \u201cFred Kelly Grant, Rep. Kerry White come to FAFA event,\u201d <i>Baker County Press<\/i>, May 22, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-1.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-1.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>; The 10th Amendment Institute of the Stand and Fight Club Inc, \u201cCoordination 101,\u201d one-page flyer, <i>Forest Access for All<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>; The 10th Amendment Institute of the Stand and Fight Club Inc., \u201cCoordination 101,\u201d event program, <i>Forest Access for All<\/i>, <a href=\"http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-101-Daily-Program.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-101-Daily-Program.pdf<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>. As emcee, see Fred Kelly Grant, \u201cLetters to the Editor,\u201d <i>Baker City Herald<\/i>, September 2, 2015 (updated Feb 13, 2016), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bakercityherald.com\/Letters\/Letters-to-the-Editor-for-Sept-2-2015\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.bakercityherald.com\/Letters\/Letters-to-the-Editor-for-Sept-2-2015<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_39');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_39\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">George Plaven, \u201cGrant County sheriff demands coordination with Forest Service,\u201d <i>East Oregonian<\/i>, October 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eastoregonian.com\/eo\/local-news\/20151009\/grant-county-sheriff-demands-coordination-with-forest-service\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.eastoregonian.com\/eo\/local-news\/20151009\/grant-county-sheriff-demands-coordination-with-forest-service<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Sean Hart, \u201cLocal collaborative awarded $4 million in federal forest restoration funding,\u201d <i>Blue Mountain Eagle<\/i>, April 5 (updated April 6), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bluemountaineagle.com\/Local_News\/20160405\/local-collaborative-awarded-4-million-in-federal-forest-restoration-funding\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.bluemountaineagle.com\/Local_News\/20160405\/local-collaborative-awarded-4-million-in-federal-forest-restoration-funding<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_40');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_40\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Flyer for Fred Kelly Grant talk on \u201cCoordination,\u201d November 28, 2015, John Day, Oregon. PDF in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_41');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_41\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Paul Castilleja, email to author, July 19, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_42');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_42\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPublic Presentation: \u2018Coordination\u2019,\u201d Facebook event for February 20, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/events\/945547642203123\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.facebook.com\/events\/945547642203123<\/u><\/span><\/a>. The event itself was recorded and is online: \u201cCoordination meeting #1,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video, 57:41, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d March 4, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8ISxfkIalHA\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8ISxfkIalHA<\/u><\/span><\/a>; \u201cCoordination meeting #2,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video<i>,<\/i> 57:36, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d March 4, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rHpPuPtMaoo\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rHpPuPtMaoo<\/u><\/span><\/a>; \u201cCoordination meeting #3,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video, 24:45, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d March 4, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xN39GR--rpc\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xN39GR&#8211;rpc<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_43');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_43\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cJason Chaney, \u201cCitizens to form local natural resource plan,\u201d <i>Central Oregonian<\/i>, February 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/ceo\/162-news\/291526-167892-citizens-to-form-local-natural-resource-plan\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/ceo\/162-news\/291526-167892-citizens-to-form-local-natural-resource-plan<\/span><\/u><\/span><\/a>; Amanda Peacher, \u201cCrook County Leaders Unexpectedly Table Natural Resource Plan,\u201d <i>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/i>, July 20, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-leaders-table-natural-resource-plan\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-leaders-table-natural-resource-plan<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Minutes of Crook County Court, \u201cDiscussion of Natural Resource Planning,\u201d <i>Crook County, Oregon<\/i>, February 3, 2016, 7\u20138, <a href=\"http:\/\/co.crook.or.us\/Portals\/0\/minutes%20February%203%202016.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/co.crook.or.us\/Portals\/0\/minutes<\/span> February 3 2016.pdf<\/u><\/span><\/a>; Amanda Peacher, \u201cCrook County Rejects Controversial Natural Resources Plan,\u201d <i>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/i>, August 30, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-rejects-natural-resource-plan\">www.opb.org\/news\/article\/crook-county-rejects-natural-resource-plan<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15847_1_44');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15847_1_44\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cJan. 2, 2016 Town Hall Meeting,\u201d YouTube<i> <\/i>video, 1:08:00, posted by \u201cLiberty Under Attack,\u201d April 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A3t1SopHD18\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><u>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A3t1SopHD18<\/u><\/span><\/a>; see around 5:23. Harney County Committee of Safety members did not respond to emails regarding this.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_15847_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15847_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15847_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_15847_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15847_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15847_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15847_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15847_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_15847_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_15847_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_15847_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_15847_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_15847_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_15847_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Property, Guns, Government, and Nativism The Patriot movement draws on images of the American Revolution and the related early period of the United States to root its credibility and power. One of its main claims is that its members are \u201cdefending the Constitution.\u201d But this is actually a duplicitous phrase; the \u201cConstitution\u201d they invoke is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15735,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-section-i.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15847","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15847","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15847"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15847\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16280,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15847\/revisions\/16280"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15735"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15847"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}