{"id":15848,"date":"2016-09-23T09:39:39","date_gmt":"2016-09-23T16:39:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rop.org\/?page_id=8012"},"modified":"2020-12-30T21:00:24","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T21:00:24","slug":"racism-identity-movement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/section-i\/the-patriot-movement-historically-nationally\/racism-identity-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c &amp; b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc trong Phong tr\u00e0o Y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">While casual observers sometimes dismiss Patriot groups as \u201cracist militias,\u201d the movement\u2019s actual relationship to race and a systemic understanding of racism is more complex and requires some unpacking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most Patriot movement groups today have a \u201ccolorblind\u201d approach, and say they are not racist. The Oath Keepers\u2019 bylaws specifically bar open racists.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cNo person who advocates, or has been or is a member, or associated with, any organization, formal or informal, that advocates discrimination, violence, or hatred toward any person based upon their race, nationality, creed, or color, shall be entitled to be a member or associate member.\u201d See \u201cBylaws of Oath Keepers,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/bylaws\">www.oathkeepers.org\/bylaws<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> And Patriot movement activists frequently compare themselves to Civil Rights movement activists who sought legal equality; Ammon Bundy even had the chutzpah to compare the armed Malheur occupation to Martin Luther King, Jr.\u2019s protest activities.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cWatch: Ammon Bundy interview from jail,\u201d <em>KGW.com<\/em>, March 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kgw.com\/news\/local\/watch-ammon-bundy-interview-from-jail\/66722905\">www.kgw.com\/news\/local\/watch-ammon-bundy-interview-from-jail\/66722905<\/a>. See video \u201cPart 1\u201d; starts around 3:30, and mentions MLK around 4:20.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Stewart Rhodes also compared the Malheur occupation to the Civil Rights movement, saying \u201cAmmon Bundy\u2019s occupation of an empty building is essentially the same as civil-disobedience sit-ins that the political left has engaged in for decades, from anti-war and civil rights protesters in the 60s and 70s.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stewart Rhodes, \u201cWarning to U.S. Military and Federal LEO\u2019s: Do Not Follow Orders to \u201cWaco\u201d Ammon Bundy Occupation, or Risk Civil War,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, January 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/critical-warning-to-u-s-military-and-federal-leo-do-not-follow-orders-to-waco-ammon-bundy-occupation-in-oregon-or-you-risk-starting-a-civil-war\">www.oathkeepers.org\/critical-warning-to-u-s-military-and-federal-leo-do-not-follow-orders-to-waco-ammon-bundy-occupation-in-oregon-or-you-risk-starting-a-civil-war<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Against any historical knowledge of the active role southern sheriffs played in maintaining White supremacy, Richard Mack claims that constitutional sheriffs could have protected Rosa Parks and that, \u201cToday, that constitutional sheriff does the same for Rosa Parks the gun owner, or Rosa Parks the rancher, or Rosa Parks the landowner, or Rosa Parks the homeschooler, or Rosa Parks the tax protester.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cited in Jonathan Thompson, \u201cThe rise of the Sagebrush Sheriffs,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, February 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.2\/the-rise-of-the-sagebrush-sheriffs\">www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.2\/the-rise-of-the-sagebrush-sheriffs<\/a><u>.<\/u> Mack\u2019s argument is bizarre, as the very idea of empowering the county sheriff to decide what laws were constitutional was originally formulated to nullify federal Civil Rights laws; Gale had sought a backdoor way to return to Jim Crow segregation. At the time of the Civil Rights movement, local southern law enforcement was notoriously linked to the Ku Klux Klan.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nonetheless, the movement radiates an unspoken White nationalism. (See \u201cConfronting White Nationalism\u201d box.) But since they don\u2019t verbalize it, and even go to some lengths to deny it, what is this unspoken underlying structure?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The origins of the Patriot movement tactics and approaches are tied up in organized racist currents. As mentioned, many of their beliefs were developed as a coherent political package by the racist Posse Comitatus. In the 1980s, one commentator described the Patriot movement as \u201chalf\u201d racist.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mark Pitcavage, quoted in Chip Berlet, \u201cHard Times on the Hard Right: Why Progressives Must Remain Vigilant,\u201d <em>Public Eye<\/em>, Spring 2002, 9 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politicalresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/downloads\/2015\/07\/Public-Eye-Magazine-Spring-2002.pdf\">www.politicalresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/downloads\/2015\/07\/Public-Eye-Magazine-Spring-2002.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> By the 1990s militia movement, perhaps less than a quarter of members were connected to explicitly White separatist groups; Christian Identity members still held prominent positions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the 2008 movement revival, connections to organized racism were hard to find in the leadership. CSPOA\u2019s Richard Mack and Gun Owners of America\u2019s Larry Pratt both have public histories of working with White separatists, but both are also 1990s holdovers. Cliven Bundy\u2019s support from the national Republican Party evaporated when asked about \u201cthe Negro\u201d\u2014\u201cI\u2019ve often wondered, are they better off as slaves, picking cotton and having a family life and doing things, or are they better off under government subsidy? They didn\u2019t get no more freedom. They got less freedom.\u201d But Bundy is also a movement elder.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Adam Nagourney, \u201cA Defiant Rancher Savors the Audience That Rallied to His Side,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, April 23, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/04\/24\/us\/politics\/rancher-proudly-breaks-the-law-becoming-a-hero-in-the-west.html\">www.nytimes.com\/2014\/04\/24\/us\/politics\/rancher-proudly-breaks-the-law-becoming-a-hero-in-the-west.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Open racist expressions are more commonly found among local activists, however. For example, Malheur occupier Ryan Payne has said that&nbsp;slavery never really existed.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ted McDermott, \u201cFreedom Fighter,\u201d <em>Missoula Independent<\/em>, June 12, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/mtcowgirl.com\/2016\/01\/03\/montana-militia-man-who-says-slavery-never-happened-takes-over-government-offices-in-oregon\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/mtcowgirl.com\/2016\/01\/03\/montana-militia-man-who-says-slavery-never-happened-takes-over-government-offices-in-oregon<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In response to a post on a Facebook saying, \u201cI\u2019ve yet to met a white supremacist\u201d (assumedly in Oregon Patriot movement circles), Oregon Oath Keeper Sally Telford replied, \u201cI am a proud white\/caucasian and I support and stand with all other white\/Caucasians,\u201d and elaborated that, \u201cI stand with free white people.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sally Telford, Facebook posts, July 2015. Screenshots in possession of author. See also \u201cSally Telford,\u201d LinkedIn page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sally-telford-b222022b\">www.linkedin.com\/in\/sally-telford-b222022b<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Many Patriot movement activists are part of the \u201cWhite Culture and Heritage\u201d Facebook group, the content of which is a continuous stream of White supremacist propaganda. Members include Tom McKirgan (former Southern Oregon Oath Keeper coordinator and current Three Percenter zone leader) and fake judge Bruce Doucette.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cWhite Culture and Heritage,\u201d Facebook group, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/188335821265673\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/188335821265673<\/a>; screenshots in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-15475\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"470\" height=\"187\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-29.jpg\" alt=\"Oath Keeper Sally Telford declares in a Patriot movement Facebook group that she is &quot;a proud white\/caucasian and I support and stand with all other white\/caucasians&quot; and that \u201cI stand with free white people.\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-16281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-29.jpg 470w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-29-300x119.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 470px) 100vw, 470px\" \/><figcaption><br>Oath Keeper Sally Telford declares in a Patriot movement Facebook group that she is &#8220;a proud white\/caucasian and I support and stand with all other white\/caucasians&#8221; and that \u201cI stand with free white people.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1990s militia movement, there were a small number of people of color, including leaders like J.J. Johnson and Leroy Crenshaw.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chip Berlet and Matthew N. Lyons, \u201cBattling the New World Order: Patriots and Armed Militia,\u201d <em>Research for Progress<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.researchforprogress.us\/rwpop\/nwo.html\">www.researchforprogress.us\/rwpop\/nwo.html<\/a><u>;<\/u> \u201cJJ Johnson speaks to Senate about militia (1 of 3),\u201d YouTube video, 4:30, posted by \u201ckalifornya1,\u201d February 26, 2010, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P-5dVHUTc7M\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P-5dVHUTc7M<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The same is true for today\u2019s Patriot movement\u2014including those present at conflicts at the Bundy Ranch standoff, Sugar Pine Mine, and the Malheur Refuge. The Malheur occupiers included people of color such as Brandon Dowd, David Fry, and Eric Lee Flores.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sam Levin, \u201cBlack Oregon militiamen: Black Lives Matter can learn from occupiers,\u201d <em>Guardian<\/em>, January 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2016\/jan\/17\/oregon-militia-black-lives-matters-activist-us-constitution\">www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2016\/jan\/17\/oregon-militia-black-lives-matters-activist-us-constitution<\/a><u>;<\/u> John Sepulvado, \u201cHow A Digital Friendship Created An Unlikely Holdout,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 30, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/david-fry-lavoy-finicum-malheur-refuge-occupatin-oregon\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/david-fry-lavoy-finicum-malheur-refuge-occupatin-oregon;<\/a> Eric Lacitis, \u201cFor Tulalip 22-year-old, a life gone haywire after Oregon standoff,\u201d <em>Seattle Times<\/em>, March 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff\/\">www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Brandon Rapolla of the Oath Keepers and Pacific Patriots Network was at the Bundy Ranch, Sugar Pine Mine, and in Burns. There are also black Sovereign Citizens, often called \u201cMoorish sovereigns,\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Leah Nelson, \u201c\u2018Sovereigns\u2019 in Black,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, August 24, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2011\/%E2%80%98sovereigns%E2%80%99-black\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2011\/%E2%80%98sovereigns%E2%80%99-black<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> as well as \u201cNative sovereigns,\u201d who are said to renounce federal tribal enrollment. Rhodes even makes a point to note that he is \u201c1\/4 Mexican.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Larry Diffey, \u201cObama Must be Impeached And Removed To Stop His \u2018Amnesty\u2019 Of Illegals,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals\">www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-15476 size-medium\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-30-1024x563.jpg\" alt=\"Eric Flores (left) and Brand Thornton (right) at a Malheur occupation press conference. Flores is the only Native American known to be part of the occupation. Thornton reportedly holds antisemitic views.\" class=\"wp-image-16283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-30-1024x563.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-30-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-30-768x423.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-30.jpg 1205w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><br>Eric Flores (left) and Brand Thornton (right) at a Malheur occupation press conference. Flores is the only Native American known to be part of the occupation. Thornton reportedly holds antisemitic views.(Photograph courtesy of Spencer Sunshine)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nonetheless, the movement\u2019s organizational structures and political goals remain largely the same as in the days of open racism\u2014even though the reasoning behind the arguments has changed. Movements for social justice and the environment have focused on making gains in federal law, and the Patriot movement wants to dismantle these protections, but offers nothing in their place. Here you can see that goals, which were consciously formulated as racist positions by Posse Comitatus (empowering county sheriffs to ignore Civil Rights laws as unconstitutional), are given a different reasoning by today\u2019s activists, but have the same potential effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the Patriot movement does not make <em>explicit<\/em> appeals to racial purity or interests, their sidestepping of racial issues seems to result in them reproducing images and themes of an all-white America, which then resembles White nationalist visions. They base their appeals to social groups that are some of the remaining vast majority-White sections of the United States: farm operators, and what\u2019s left of logging and mining communities, for example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of course, merely appealing to the concerns of these communities is not racist; but this is combined with an unreflective approach, a problematic history and imagery, and the centrality given to them. For example, even among farmers, they address their concerns to the owners (who are 96 percent White)\u2014not to farm laborers.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">U.S. Department of Agriculture, <em>2012 Census of Agriculture; Race\/Gender\/Ethnicity Profile<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.agcensus.usda.gov\/Publications\/2012\/Online_Resources\/Race,_Ethnicity_and_Gender_Profiles\/cpd99000.pdf\">www.agcensus.usda.gov\/Publications\/2012\/Online_Resources\/Race,_Ethnicity_and_Gender_Profiles\/cpd99000.pdf<\/a><u>.<\/u> The number of Black farmers is on the rise, but still only comprises 2 percent of the total. See Leah Penniman, \u201cAfter a Century In Decline, Black Farmers Are Back And On the Rise,\u201d <em>Yes! Magazine<\/em>, May 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.yesmagazine.org\/people-power\/after-a-century-in-decline-black-farmers-are-back-and-on-the-rise-20160505\">www.yesmagazine.org\/people-power\/after-a-century-in-decline-black-farmers-are-back-and-on-the-rise-20160505<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> At the Malheur occupation, a sign declared that the Bureau of Land Management was \u201cOppressing the Backbone of America.\u201d Economic fallacies aside, the implicit racial implications of declaring ranchers the \u201cbackbone\u201d of America\u2014and not to mention claiming that they are \u201coppressed\u201d\u2014should not go by unnoticed. It is here that we can see \u201cwhite identity politics\u201d at play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, a denial of both structural and interpersonal racism is common in the Patriot movement. To most members, \u201cracism\u201d must be a conscious, vocalized action, like segregating lunch counters. For example, one article on the Oath Keepers\u2019 national website instructs readers to<strong> \u201cRealize there is no such thing as white privilege or male privilege:<\/strong> In reality, there is only institutionalized \u2018privilege\u2019 for victim-status groups. There is no privilege for whites, males, white males or straight white males.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Brandon Smith, \u201cHow To Stamp Out Cultural Marxism In A Single Generation,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, October 27, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation\">www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (Emphasis in the original.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Patriot Movement\u2019s Engagement with Black Lives Matter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a general rule, the Patriot movement has a negative view of the demonstrations in Ferguson and ensuing Black Lives Matter movement, although a minority of Patriot activists have sought an alliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rhetorical attacks on Black Lives Matter in particular are common, and have escalated after the 2016 shootings of police in Dallas and Baton Rouge. The Oath Keepers reprinted an article claiming the Obama administration \u201corchestrated\u201d the Baltimore riots in order to \u201cadvance a totalitarian agenda.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Newman, \u201cOrchestrated Baltimore Riots \u2018Just The Beginning\u2019,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, May 10, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/orchestrated-baltimore-riots-just-the-beginning\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/orchestrated-baltimore-riots-just-the-beginning.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before the Oath Keepers started to demonize the movement, there were initial sympathies toward the protests in Ferguson, Missouri. These came after police killed unarmed black teenager Michael Brown, and the protest became&nbsp; the catalyst for the Black Lives Matter movement.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Matthew N. Lyons \u201cOath Keepers, Ferguson, and the Patriot movement\u2019s conflicted race politics,\u201d<em> Three Way Fight<\/em>, August 28, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/threewayfight.blogspot.com\/2015\/08\/oath-keepers-ferguson-and-patriot.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/threewayfight.blogspot.com\/2015\/08\/oath-keepers-ferguson-and-patriot.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In August 2014 the Oath Keepers wrote a letter to the Missouri governor warning him to respect protestors\u2019 rights, and on November 24, 2014, even called on black veterans to form armed self-defense groups.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(18)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Larry Diffey, \u201cOath Keepers Open Letter to the People of Ferguson, Missouri,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 24, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/oath-keepers-open-letter-to-the-people-of-ferguson-missouri\">www.oathkeepers.org\/oath-keepers-open-letter-to-the-people-of-ferguson-missouri<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> However, Oath Keepers went to Ferguson immediately afterward where they deployed armed members on rooftops to defend stores in Ferguson\u2014thereby pointing guns at demonstrators. While the Oath Keepers were still there, founder Stewart Rhodes said the government intentionally refused to suppress looting in Ferguson as part of a larger attempt \u201cto justify a ratcheting up of police state power, and it will not end until all of our children have the boot of a totalitarian police state on the back of their necks.\u201d At the same time, he reiterated the call for black veterans to police the streets.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(19)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cComment by Stewart Rhodes, Founder of the Oath Keepers,\u201d in \u201cMysterious \u2018Oath Keepers\u2019 guard rooftops in downtown Ferguson,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 29th, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141207181314\/http:\/oathkeepers.org\/oath\/2014\/11\/29\/mysterious-oath-keepers-guard-rooftops-in-downtown-ferguson\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141207181314\/http:\/\/oathkeepers.org\/oath\/2014\/11\/29\/mysterious-oath-keepers-guard-rooftops-in-downtown-ferguson<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-15478 size-medium\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-31.jpg\" alt=\"A meme shared on social media with the text &quot;Black lives matter, white ranchers, not so much&quot; with photos of several Black men and LaVoy Finicum.\" class=\"wp-image-16285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-31.jpg 600w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-31-250x300.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>The Patriot movement frequently demonizes the Black Lives Matter movement. They falsely claiming that the Malheur occupiers have been treated more harshly than Black Lives Matter activists.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In April 2015, the Oath Keepers reprinted an article that claimed the raucous Baltimore protests after the funeral of Freddie Gray were \u201cstaged for television.\u201d The article said \u201cwithout a doubt, the mainstream media and many of our most prominent \u2018national leaders\u2019 are responsible for stirring up racial tensions to the boiling point.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(20)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Michael Snyder, \u201cAre the Baltimore Riots Being Manipulated?,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, April 29, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/are-the-baltimore-riots-being-manipulated\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/are-the-baltimore-riots-being-manipulated.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In August 2015, some armed, white, St. Louis-based Oath Keepers led by Sam Andrew went to the Ferguson protests as bodyguards for a reporter from <em>Infowars<\/em>, a right-wing conspiracy website. After discussions with demonstrators, however, Andrew vowed to organize a mixed-race, armed carry march. He quickly fell out with the national organization over this, although his splinter group did hold an armed march in November 2015. However, it attracted only a few black participants.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(21)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alan Feuer, \u201cThe Oath Keeper Who Wants to Arm Black Lives Matter,\u201d <em>Rolling Stone<\/em>, January 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/politics\/news\/the-oath-keeper-who-wants-to-arm-black-lives-matter-20160103\">www.rollingstone.com\/politics\/news\/the-oath-keeper-who-wants-to-arm-black-lives-matter-20160103<\/a>; \u201cNo Problems at Open Carry Demonstration in Ferguson,\u201d <em>CBS St. Louis,<\/em> November 16, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/stlouis.cbslocal.com\/2015\/11\/16\/no-problems-at-open-carry-demonstration-in-ferguson\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/stlouis.cbslocal.com\/2015\/11\/16\/no-problems-at-open-carry-demonstration-in-ferguson<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By April 2016, Stewart Rhodes had completely changed his stance. He called on Oath Keepers\u2019 \u201ccivil defense units\u201d to \u201cfight in the street\u201d against \u201cthe jihadists and the cartels and the gangs and these radical Black Lives Matter people and the black anarchists, the black flag anarchists; they are all just force multipliers and proxies, just as we saw during the Cold War with communism.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(22)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Brian Tashman, \u201cOath Keepers Founder Ready For War With Liberal, Islamist, Drug Cartel Coalition,\u201d <em>Right Wing Watch<\/em>, April 18, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rightwingwatch.org\/content\/oath-keepers-founder-ready-war-liberal-islamist-drug-cartel-coalition\">www.rightwingwatch.org\/content\/oath-keepers-founder-ready-war-liberal-islamist-drug-cartel-coalition<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In July 2016, after the sniper killings of five police by a Black veteran during a Black Lives Matter demonstration, Rhodes wrote:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Sadly, this sniper attack does not come as a surprise after the incessant cop killer inspiring rhetoric of Black Lives Matter and similar radical leftist groups, inciting violence against all police officers while alleging that any and all shootings of black or Hispanic suspects in this nation just must be driven by racism, with condemnation and cries of \u201cracist!\u201d coming before any investigation has a chance to even start. And it also does not come as a surprise given the incessant Marxist mantra that America is a \u201cracist nation\u201d and that police serve as the weapons of that racist nation against all \u201cpeople of color\u201d\u2014all of which serves the Marxist agenda to divide and conquer along racial lines and inspire blind hatred against all police, and against this nation in general\u2026.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(23)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stewart Rhodes, \u201cSnipers Kill Five Officers, Wound Six, During Dallas Black Lives Matter Protest,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, July 8, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/snipers-kill-four-officers-wound-seven-during-dallas-black-lives-matter-protest\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/snipers-kill-four-officers-wound-seven-during-dallas-black-lives-matter-protest<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite this, the Patriot movement has co-opted Black Lives Matter slogans and even tried to reach out to activists. In 2014, a Patriot movement-organized Cave Junction meeting included a presentation about fake courts, billing them as being a \u201cpeople\u2019s answer to Ferguson.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(24)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See \u201cNeighborhood Watch \u2018Community Meeting\u2019 December 15, @5pm,\u201d <em>A Better Cave Junction<\/em>, December 14, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/abettercavejunction.wordpress.com\/2014\/12\/14\/neighborhood-watch-community-meeting-december-15-5pm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/abettercavejunction.wordpress.com\/2014\/12\/14\/neighborhood-watch-community-meeting-december-15-5pm<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> After the Malheur occupation, there were a spate of \u201cRural Lives Matter\u201d and \u201cRancher Lives Matter\u201d rallies, which used various Black Lives Matter slogans. At the February 2016 rally in Harney County, Patriot movement activists held signs with Finicum\u2019s photo and the slogan \u201c#AllLivesMatter,\u201d while chanting \u201cHands Up, Don\u2019t Shoot.\u201d At a March 2016 rally in Portland, Oregon, for Malheur occupation prisoners, Nate Seim (brother of Washington state internet broadcaster Gavin Seim), called on Black Lives Matter and Native American activists to join forces with them. His call was, unsurprisingly, rejected.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(25)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amelia Templeton, \u201cOccupation Supporters Try to Sway Broader Audience in Portland,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, March 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/portland-oregon-standoff-protest-rally-lavoy-finicum\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/portland-oregon-standoff-protest-rally-lavoy-finicum.<\/a> Witness account of the February 2016 rally, as told to author, August 12, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relationship with Native Americans<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where the claims of Patriot movement activists involve land-use issues, there are sometimes direct conflicts with Native American historical narratives and claims to the land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Patriot movement frequently relies on images of Manifest Destiny, westward expansion, and the independent settler on the rugged frontier\u2014all central to American mythology. The movement appeals to these images as a recruiting strategy. It is also an approach which implicitly endorses Native American genocide, which was necessary for the creation of the colonial farming, ranching, and mining industries. In one case, protestors specifically invoked \u201cCowboy versus Indians\u201d imagery: During 2001\u2019s Klamath Basin Water Crisis, a march of largely White farmers including protestors on horses\u2014dubbed the \u201cU.S. Freedom Cavalry, Headgate Detachment\u201d\u2014rode in opposition to the Native American tribes, whom they were battling over water rights.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(26)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cUS Freedom Cavalry, Headgate Detachment\u2014Citizens Descend on Headgates on Horseback!!,\u201d <em>Klamath Bucket Brigade<\/em>, July 20, 2001, <a href=\"http:\/\/klamathbucketbrigade.org\/Headgates_CavalryRides042001.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/klamathbucketbrigade.org\/Headgates_CavalryRides042001.htm<\/span><\/a>; Matt Hall, \u201cKlamath Bucket Brigade comes home,\u201d <em>Herald and News<\/em> (Klamath Falls, OR), October 28, 2002, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heraldandnews.com\/klamath-bucket-brigade-comes-home\/article_f11be763-78e7-5752-8ffa-dce2469ecd11.html\">www.heraldandnews.com\/klamath-bucket-brigade-comes-home\/article_f11be763-78e7-5752-8ffa-dce2469ecd11.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-15479 size-medium\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"704\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-32-1024x704.jpg\" alt=\"Tribal councilman Jarvis Kennedy of the Burns Paiute Tribe speaks at a podium.\" class=\"wp-image-16287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-32-1024x704.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-32-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-32-768x528.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-32.jpg 1205w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption><br>Tribal councilman Jarvis Kennedy of the Burns Paiute Tribe was an outspoken opponent of the occupation. (Photo courtesy of Peter Walker).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The occupation of the Malheur Refuge was a replay of this. The occupiers wore cowboy hats and other traditional western ranch clothes in their media appearances. At one point the occupiers asked that the publicly owned land revert to the descendants of the previous owners, who were ranchers. (To them, the fact that the land was purchased by the federal government was irrelevant, since they claimed the federal government had no right to own it in the first place.) However, before U.S. colonization, it was the Burns Paiute Tribe\u2019s land\u2014many of whom still live in the area today, and hold certain rights on the refuge. The tribe\u2019s chairwoman said the land should remain in federal possession\u2014but if it did change hands, it should go to the tribe.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(27)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Charlotte Rodrique, \u201cDon\u2019t Change the Status Quo &#8211; Unless It\u2019s to Return Land to Tribal Control,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, January 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2016\/01\/07\/who-should-control-the-west\/dont-change-the-status-quo-unless-its-to-return-land-to-tribal-control\">www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2016\/01\/07\/who-should-control-the-west\/dont-change-the-status-quo-unless-its-to-return-land-to-tribal-control<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> This, of course, is not the Patriot movement\u2019s vision of dismantling federal land ownership. It suggested that their vision for federal lands is really to finish the project of settler-colonialism: a project of displacement and enclosure on the last remaining lands that were not parceled up and given to private (largely White) hands for commercial use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes the words and actions of the occupiers were more explicit. Native Americans are termed \u201csavages\u201d in a document produced by the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hccommitteeofsafety.org\/\">Harney County Committee of Safety<\/a>, the&nbsp;faux-governmental structure originally set up by Ammon Bundy before the Malheur occupation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(28)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cResponsibility and Duty of Committee of Safety,\u201d <em>Harney County Committee of Safety<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hccommitteeofsafety.org\/responsibility-of-the-committee.html\">www.hccommitteeofsafety.org\/responsibility-of-the-committee.html<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In 2014, Ryan Bundy rode in an illegal Utah protest ride of all-terrain-vehicles on federal land that contained Native American artifacts.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(29)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Brian Maffly, \u201cFeds charge five Utahns in Recapture Canyon protest ride,\u201d <em>Salt Lake Tribune<\/em>, October 7, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.sltrib.com\/story.php?ref=\/sltrib\/news\/58403975-78\/canyon-ride-blm-lyman.html.csp\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.sltrib.com\/story.php?ref=\/sltrib\/news\/58403975-78\/canyon-ride-blm-lyman.html.csp<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> At Malheur, he said that&nbsp;the occupiers would be \u201cdelighted\u201d to give the thousands of artifacts stored at the refuge headquarters back to the tribe, but also said that the occupiers&nbsp;\u201crecognize&nbsp;that the Native Americans had the claim to the land, but they lost that claim.\u201d Ryan Bundy added, \u201cThere are things&nbsp;to learn from cultures of the past, but the current culture is the most important.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(30)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid; Molly Jackson, \u201cThe \u2018hostages\u2019 of Oregon standoff: 4,00 Paiute artifacts?,\u201d <em>Christian Science Monitor<\/em>, January 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/USA\/USA-Update\/2016\/0117\/The-hostages-of-Oregon-standoff-4-000-Paiute-artifacts-video\">www.csmonitor.com\/USA\/USA-Update\/2016\/0117\/The-hostages-of-Oregon-standoff-4-000-Paiute-artifacts-video<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Burns Paiute Tribe was clear from the very beginning that the occupiers should leave, and they refused to engage in dialogue with them. Late in the occupation, Ammon Bundy said he was trying to reach out to them; this was followed by a video of LaVoy Finicum rooting through the artifact storage area. This incensed the tribal council, who called on federal authorities to quash the occupation and prosecute them under antiquities laws (they feared artifacts were being looted and sold online). Last, the occupiers both made a new road and dug a latrine in areas where Native American artifacts were located.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(31)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Les Zaitz, \u201cOregon standoff leader warns feds: Back off,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, January 19, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/post.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/post.html<\/a>; Isaac Park, \u201cOregon Militia Standoff Spotlights Federal-Tribal Quandary over Artifacts,\u201d <em>American Prospect<\/em>, February 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/prospect.org\/article\/oregon-militia-standoff-spotlights-federal-tribal-quandary-over-artifacts\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/prospect.org\/article\/oregon-militia-standoff-spotlights-federal-tribal-quandary-over-artifacts<\/span><\/a>; Jacqueline Keeler, \u201c\u2018It&#8217;s So Disgusting\u2019 Malheur Militia Dug Latrine Trenches Among Sacred Artifacts,\u201d <em>Indian Country Today Media Network<\/em>, February 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com\/2016\/02\/17\/its-so-disgusting-malheur-militia-dug-latrine-trenches-among-sacred-artifacts-163454\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com\/2016\/02\/17\/its-so-disgusting-malheur-militia-dug-latrine-trenches-among-sacred-artifacts-163454<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite this, at least one Native American activist visited the occupation to show her support, and at least one occupier was also Native American.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(32)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jennifer Dowling, \u201cPaiute Tribe: \u2018It\u2019s not about possessing\u2019 artifacts,\u201d <em>KOIN6<\/em>, January 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/koin.com\/2016\/01\/24\/paiute-tribe-its-not-about-possessing-artifacts\/\">koin.com\/2016\/01\/24\/paiute-tribe-its-not-about-possessing-artifacts<\/a>; Eric Lacitis, \u201cFor a Tulalip 22-year-old, a life gone haywire after Oregon standoff,\u201d <em>Seattle Times<\/em>, March 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff\/\">www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Additionally, a Native American resident of Burns helped form a local Three Percenter group and blessed the ground where LaVoy Finicum was killed.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(33)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cLaVoy memorial site blessed by local Indians. Burns Oregon,\u201d YouTube video, 6:25, posted by \u201cRocky Hall,\u201d April 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kkmuwEuKsdQ&amp;feature=share\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kkmuwEuKsdQ<\/a>; Andrew Selsky, \u201cOregon refuge takeover is over, but aftershocks remain,\u201d <em>Salt Lake Tribune<\/em>, June 26, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sltrib.com\/news\/4051576-155\/story.html\">www.sltrib.com\/news\/4051576-155\/story.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (However, none of the three are members of the Burns Paiute Tribe.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amongst the Oregon Patriot groups, it is hard to find direct organizational connections between the Patriot movement groups addressed in this report, and the anti-Native movement. However, the latter are often friends or \u201cfriends of friends\u201d of the Patriot movement: for example, there is anti-Native organizing among opponents of federal land holdings and Tea Party groups, groups which are linked to the Patriot movement.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(34)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See Charles Tanner Jr, \u201cThe American Lands Council and the Anti-Indian Movement,\u201d <em>IREHR<\/em>, October 19, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2015\/10\/19\/the-american-lands-council-and-the-anti-indian-movement\">www.irehr.org\/2015\/10\/19\/the-american-lands-council-and-the-anti-indian-movement<\/a>; Charles Tanner Jr, \u201cTea Parties, Property Rights and Anti-Indianism in the Klamath River Basin,\u201d <em>IREHR<\/em>, August 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2012\/08\/02\/tea-parties-property-rights-and-anti-indianism-in-the-klamath-river-basin\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2012\/08\/02\/tea-parties-property-rights-and-anti-indianism-in-the-klamath-river-basin\/.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Pacific Patriots Network, in its attempt to mediate a solution during the Malheur occupation, proposed turning the refuge over to the joint control of the county and the Burns Paiute Tribe.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(35)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cBefore the Board of County Commissioners for Harney County, State of Oregon, Proposal for Resolution of the Peaceful Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge by Citizens for Constitutional Freedom,\u201d dated January 8, 2016, <em>Pacific Patriots Network<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/downloads\/Proposed%20Resoulition%20of%20Peacful%20Occupation%20-%20Malheur%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge.pdf\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/downloads\/Proposed Resoulition of Peacful Occupation &#8211; Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> At least two Oregon Patriot movement activists interviewed regarding this issue, including Josephine County Oath Keepers leader Joseph Rice, unambiguously told me they have no interest in diminishing Native American reservations or water rights.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(36)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joseph Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016; email exchange on April 29, 2016, with an Oregon Three Percenter, who wrote that: \u201cThe reservations and the tribes are sovereign nations and I believe they are paid for by the blood of their ancestors and I or no one I know wishes to take them from them.\u201d (However, this person stressed that they did not speak for all Three Percenters in Oregon.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Gender, Sexuality and Abortion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike the 1990s militia movement, opposition to social issues like feminism, LGBTQ rights, and abortion are not an organizing focus for the Oath Keepers, Three Percenters, or CSPOA. While doubtlessly these views are held by the majority of movement participants, as a right-wing Protestant worldwide undergirds the movement, they are downplayed in public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some exceptions to this include in September 2015, when the Oath Keepers offered to guard Kim Davis, the Kentucky county clerk who refused to issue same-sex marriage licenses. In the same month, Oath Keepers kept watch over a sign saying \u201cJesus Welcomes You to Hawkins\u201d at the entrance to Hawkins, Texas. The city had wanted to remove it, but others claimed it was on private property.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(37)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cara Prichard, \u201cOath Keepers stand guard at \u2018Jesus Welcomes You to Hawkins\u2019 sign,\u201d <em>East Texas Matters.com<\/em>, September 25 (updated September 26), 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.myeasttex.com\/news\/local-news\/oath-keepers-stand-guard-jesus-welcomes-you-to-hawkins-sign\">www.myeasttex.com\/news\/local-news\/oath-keepers-stand-guard-jesus-welcomes-you-to-hawkins-sign<\/a>; Glenn Evans, \u201cJesus sign in Hawkins watched day and night,\u201d <em>Longview News-Journal<\/em>, October 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.news-journal.com\/news\/2015\/oct\/09\/jesus-sign-in-hawkins-watched-day-and-night\">www.news-journal.com\/news\/2015\/oct\/09\/jesus-sign-in-hawkins-watched-day-and-night<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anti-abortion sentiment is also common among activists but is almost never an organizing issue for the main groups. The Constitution Party of Oregon opposes abortion even in cases of rape or incest, but is only on the fringes of the Patriot movement. The last Malheur occupier, David Fry, complained about his taxes paying for abortion just before he surrendered; this was specifically noted by commentators, as this issue had not come up in the occupation before.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(38)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Dave Seminara, Richard P\u00e9rez-Pe\u00f1a, and Kirk Johnson, \u201cOregon Standoff Ends as Last Militant Surrenders,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, February 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/02\/12\/us\/oregon-standoff.html\">www.nytimes.com\/2016\/02\/12\/us\/oregon-standoff.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Patriot movement propagandist Gavin Seim has denounced abortion, but his exception seems to prove the rule.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(39)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gavin Seim, \u201cWhy You Can\u2019t Support Liberty AND Abortion!,\u201d <em>Gavin Seim Liberty Speaker<\/em>, January 23, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/callmegav.com\/2014\/01\/abortion-government-the-constitution\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/callmegav.com\/2014\/01\/abortion-government-the-constitution<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-15546 size-medium\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"525\" height=\"644\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-33.jpg\" alt=\"Shawna Cox, one of the Malheur occupiers, speaking at a press conference.  Ammon Bundy can be seen behind her with two other men. \" class=\"wp-image-16289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-33.jpg 525w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-33-245x300.jpg 245w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><figcaption><br>Shawna Cox, one of the Malheur occupiers, speaking at a press conference. (Photograph courtesy of Spencer Sunshine).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And despite the movement\u2019s overwhelmingly macho tone, it is not an entirely male movement, and despite its hostility to feminism, women can take roles as either leaders or \u201chelpers\u201d in the movement. Lawyer KrisAnne Hall is a well-known movement lecturer regarding the Constitution. Brooke Agresta is the \u201cintelligence officer\u201d for the 3% of Idaho. Self-proclaimed judge Anna von Reitz of Alaska wrote a widely read Sovereign Citizen letter to Harney County Sheriff Ward before the conflict. Nevada assemblywoman Michelle Fiore is the leader of the pro-Bundy COWS (Coalition of Western States) group, and Montana State Senator Jennifer Fielder heads the American Lands Council. With her husband and two of her sons behind bars, Carol Bundy has spoken out and become a public figure. Maureen Peltier (better known as SSG Moe) has become a vocal supporter of those arrested at Malheur. Those arrested at Malheur include two women, Shawna Cox and Sandra Anderson, the latter of who was one of the last four occupiers to surrender. A number of other women were also present at the Malheur occupation, but stayed behind the scenes and took on traditional domestic roles cooking and cleaning, including Melissa Cooper, Kristi Jernigan, and Debra Bass.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15848_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(40)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amanda Peacher, \u201cMeet The Women Of The Occupied Refuge,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 22, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militia-meet-the-women-of-the-occupied-refuge\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militia-meet-the-women-of-the-occupied-refuge\/<\/a><u>;<\/u> Lauren Fox, \u201cThe Women Who Changed The Course of the Oregon Standoff,\u201d <em>Talking Points Memo<\/em>, February 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/talkingpointsmemo.com\/muckraker\/women-played-a-big-role-in-the-oregon-standoff\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/talkingpointsmemo.com\/muckraker\/women-played-a-big-role-in-the-oregon-standoff<\/span><\/a>; on Agresta, see Les Zaitz, \u201cOregon standoff: Sheriff&#8217;s stance in LaVoy Finicum shooting draws outrage,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, February 9 (updated February 23), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/02\/oregon_standoff_sheriffs_stanc.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/02\/oregon_standoff_sheriffs_stanc.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15848_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15848_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15848_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15848_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_15848_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cNo person who advocates, or has been or is a member, or associated with, any organization, formal or informal, that advocates discrimination, violence, or hatred toward any person based upon their race, nationality, creed, or color, shall be entitled to be a member or associate member.\u201d See \u201cBylaws of Oath Keepers,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/bylaws\">www.oathkeepers.org\/bylaws<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cWatch: Ammon Bundy interview from jail,\u201d <em>KGW.com<\/em>, March 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kgw.com\/news\/local\/watch-ammon-bundy-interview-from-jail\/66722905\">www.kgw.com\/news\/local\/watch-ammon-bundy-interview-from-jail\/66722905<\/a>. See video \u201cPart 1\u201d; starts around 3:30, and mentions MLK around 4:20.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stewart Rhodes, \u201cWarning to U.S. Military and Federal LEO\u2019s: Do Not Follow Orders to \u201cWaco\u201d Ammon Bundy Occupation, or Risk Civil War,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, January 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/critical-warning-to-u-s-military-and-federal-leo-do-not-follow-orders-to-waco-ammon-bundy-occupation-in-oregon-or-you-risk-starting-a-civil-war\">www.oathkeepers.org\/critical-warning-to-u-s-military-and-federal-leo-do-not-follow-orders-to-waco-ammon-bundy-occupation-in-oregon-or-you-risk-starting-a-civil-war<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cited in Jonathan Thompson, \u201cThe rise of the Sagebrush Sheriffs,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, February 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.2\/the-rise-of-the-sagebrush-sheriffs\">www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.2\/the-rise-of-the-sagebrush-sheriffs<\/a><u>.<\/u> Mack\u2019s argument is bizarre, as the very idea of empowering the county sheriff to decide what laws were constitutional was originally formulated to nullify federal Civil Rights laws; Gale had sought a backdoor way to return to Jim Crow segregation. At the time of the Civil Rights movement, local southern law enforcement was notoriously linked to the Ku Klux Klan.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mark Pitcavage, quoted in Chip Berlet, \u201cHard Times on the Hard Right: Why Progressives Must Remain Vigilant,\u201d <em>Public Eye<\/em>, Spring 2002, 9 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politicalresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/downloads\/2015\/07\/Public-Eye-Magazine-Spring-2002.pdf\">www.politicalresearch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/downloads\/2015\/07\/Public-Eye-Magazine-Spring-2002.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Adam Nagourney, \u201cA Defiant Rancher Savors the Audience That Rallied to His Side,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, April 23, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/04\/24\/us\/politics\/rancher-proudly-breaks-the-law-becoming-a-hero-in-the-west.html\">www.nytimes.com\/2014\/04\/24\/us\/politics\/rancher-proudly-breaks-the-law-becoming-a-hero-in-the-west.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ted McDermott, \u201cFreedom Fighter,\u201d <em>Missoula Independent<\/em>, June 12, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/mtcowgirl.com\/2016\/01\/03\/montana-militia-man-who-says-slavery-never-happened-takes-over-government-offices-in-oregon\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/mtcowgirl.com\/2016\/01\/03\/montana-militia-man-who-says-slavery-never-happened-takes-over-government-offices-in-oregon<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sally Telford, Facebook posts, July 2015. Screenshots in possession of author. See also \u201cSally Telford,\u201d LinkedIn page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sally-telford-b222022b\">www.linkedin.com\/in\/sally-telford-b222022b<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cWhite Culture and Heritage,\u201d Facebook group, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/188335821265673\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/188335821265673<\/a>; screenshots in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chip Berlet and Matthew N. Lyons, \u201cBattling the New World Order: Patriots and Armed Militia,\u201d <em>Research for Progress<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.researchforprogress.us\/rwpop\/nwo.html\">www.researchforprogress.us\/rwpop\/nwo.html<\/a><u>;<\/u> \u201cJJ Johnson speaks to Senate about militia (1 of 3),\u201d YouTube video, 4:30, posted by \u201ckalifornya1,\u201d February 26, 2010, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P-5dVHUTc7M\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=P-5dVHUTc7M<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sam Levin, \u201cBlack Oregon militiamen: Black Lives Matter can learn from occupiers,\u201d <em>Guardian<\/em>, January 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2016\/jan\/17\/oregon-militia-black-lives-matters-activist-us-constitution\">www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2016\/jan\/17\/oregon-militia-black-lives-matters-activist-us-constitution<\/a><u>;<\/u> John Sepulvado, \u201cHow A Digital Friendship Created An Unlikely Holdout,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 30, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/david-fry-lavoy-finicum-malheur-refuge-occupatin-oregon\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/david-fry-lavoy-finicum-malheur-refuge-occupatin-oregon;<\/a> Eric Lacitis, \u201cFor Tulalip 22-year-old, a life gone haywire after Oregon standoff,\u201d <em>Seattle Times<\/em>, March 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff\/\">www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Leah Nelson, \u201c\u2018Sovereigns\u2019 in Black,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, August 24, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2011\/%E2%80%98sovereigns%E2%80%99-black\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2011\/%E2%80%98sovereigns%E2%80%99-black<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larry Diffey, \u201cObama Must be Impeached And Removed To Stop His \u2018Amnesty\u2019 Of Illegals,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 20, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals\">www.oathkeepers.org\/obama-must-be-impeached-and-removed-to-stop-his-amnesty-of-illegals<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">U.S. Department of Agriculture, <em>2012 Census of Agriculture; Race\/Gender\/Ethnicity Profile<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.agcensus.usda.gov\/Publications\/2012\/Online_Resources\/Race,_Ethnicity_and_Gender_Profiles\/cpd99000.pdf\">www.agcensus.usda.gov\/Publications\/2012\/Online_Resources\/Race,_Ethnicity_and_Gender_Profiles\/cpd99000.pdf<\/a><u>.<\/u> The number of Black farmers is on the rise, but still only comprises 2 percent of the total. See Leah Penniman, \u201cAfter a Century In Decline, Black Farmers Are Back And On the Rise,\u201d <em>Yes! Magazine<\/em>, May 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.yesmagazine.org\/people-power\/after-a-century-in-decline-black-farmers-are-back-and-on-the-rise-20160505\">www.yesmagazine.org\/people-power\/after-a-century-in-decline-black-farmers-are-back-and-on-the-rise-20160505<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Brandon Smith, \u201cHow To Stamp Out Cultural Marxism In A Single Generation,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, October 27, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation\">www.oathkeepers.org\/how-to-stamp-out-cultural-marxism-in-a-single-generation<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Newman, \u201cOrchestrated Baltimore Riots \u2018Just The Beginning\u2019,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, May 10, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/orchestrated-baltimore-riots-just-the-beginning\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/orchestrated-baltimore-riots-just-the-beginning.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Matthew N. Lyons \u201cOath Keepers, Ferguson, and the Patriot movement\u2019s conflicted race politics,\u201d<em> Three Way Fight<\/em>, August 28, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/threewayfight.blogspot.com\/2015\/08\/oath-keepers-ferguson-and-patriot.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/threewayfight.blogspot.com\/2015\/08\/oath-keepers-ferguson-and-patriot.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Larry Diffey, \u201cOath Keepers Open Letter to the People of Ferguson, Missouri,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 24, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/oath-keepers-open-letter-to-the-people-of-ferguson-missouri\">www.oathkeepers.org\/oath-keepers-open-letter-to-the-people-of-ferguson-missouri<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cComment by Stewart Rhodes, Founder of the Oath Keepers,\u201d in \u201cMysterious \u2018Oath Keepers\u2019 guard rooftops in downtown Ferguson,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, November 29th, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141207181314\/http:\/oathkeepers.org\/oath\/2014\/11\/29\/mysterious-oath-keepers-guard-rooftops-in-downtown-ferguson\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141207181314\/http:\/\/oathkeepers.org\/oath\/2014\/11\/29\/mysterious-oath-keepers-guard-rooftops-in-downtown-ferguson<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michael Snyder, \u201cAre the Baltimore Riots Being Manipulated?,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, April 29, 2015, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/are-the-baltimore-riots-being-manipulated\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/are-the-baltimore-riots-being-manipulated.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alan Feuer, \u201cThe Oath Keeper Who Wants to Arm Black Lives Matter,\u201d <em>Rolling Stone<\/em>, January 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/politics\/news\/the-oath-keeper-who-wants-to-arm-black-lives-matter-20160103\">www.rollingstone.com\/politics\/news\/the-oath-keeper-who-wants-to-arm-black-lives-matter-20160103<\/a>; \u201cNo Problems at Open Carry Demonstration in Ferguson,\u201d <em>CBS St. Louis,<\/em> November 16, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/stlouis.cbslocal.com\/2015\/11\/16\/no-problems-at-open-carry-demonstration-in-ferguson\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/stlouis.cbslocal.com\/2015\/11\/16\/no-problems-at-open-carry-demonstration-in-ferguson<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Brian Tashman, \u201cOath Keepers Founder Ready For War With Liberal, Islamist, Drug Cartel Coalition,\u201d <em>Right Wing Watch<\/em>, April 18, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rightwingwatch.org\/content\/oath-keepers-founder-ready-war-liberal-islamist-drug-cartel-coalition\">www.rightwingwatch.org\/content\/oath-keepers-founder-ready-war-liberal-islamist-drug-cartel-coalition<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stewart Rhodes, \u201cSnipers Kill Five Officers, Wound Six, During Dallas Black Lives Matter Protest,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, July 8, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/snipers-kill-four-officers-wound-seven-during-dallas-black-lives-matter-protest\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/snipers-kill-four-officers-wound-seven-during-dallas-black-lives-matter-protest<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See \u201cNeighborhood Watch \u2018Community Meeting\u2019 December 15, @5pm,\u201d <em>A Better Cave Junction<\/em>, December 14, 2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/abettercavejunction.wordpress.com\/2014\/12\/14\/neighborhood-watch-community-meeting-december-15-5pm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/abettercavejunction.wordpress.com\/2014\/12\/14\/neighborhood-watch-community-meeting-december-15-5pm<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amelia Templeton, \u201cOccupation Supporters Try to Sway Broader Audience in Portland,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, March 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/portland-oregon-standoff-protest-rally-lavoy-finicum\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/portland-oregon-standoff-protest-rally-lavoy-finicum.<\/a> Witness account of the February 2016 rally, as told to author, August 12, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cUS Freedom Cavalry, Headgate Detachment\u2014Citizens Descend on Headgates on Horseback!!,\u201d <em>Klamath Bucket Brigade<\/em>, July 20, 2001, <a href=\"http:\/\/klamathbucketbrigade.org\/Headgates_CavalryRides042001.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/klamathbucketbrigade.org\/Headgates_CavalryRides042001.htm<\/span><\/a>; Matt Hall, \u201cKlamath Bucket Brigade comes home,\u201d <em>Herald and News<\/em> (Klamath Falls, OR), October 28, 2002, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heraldandnews.com\/klamath-bucket-brigade-comes-home\/article_f11be763-78e7-5752-8ffa-dce2469ecd11.html\">www.heraldandnews.com\/klamath-bucket-brigade-comes-home\/article_f11be763-78e7-5752-8ffa-dce2469ecd11.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Charlotte Rodrique, \u201cDon\u2019t Change the Status Quo &#8211; Unless It\u2019s to Return Land to Tribal Control,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, January 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2016\/01\/07\/who-should-control-the-west\/dont-change-the-status-quo-unless-its-to-return-land-to-tribal-control\">www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2016\/01\/07\/who-should-control-the-west\/dont-change-the-status-quo-unless-its-to-return-land-to-tribal-control<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cResponsibility and Duty of Committee of Safety,\u201d <em>Harney County Committee of Safety<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hccommitteeofsafety.org\/responsibility-of-the-committee.html\">www.hccommitteeofsafety.org\/responsibility-of-the-committee.html<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Brian Maffly, \u201cFeds charge five Utahns in Recapture Canyon protest ride,\u201d <em>Salt Lake Tribune<\/em>, October 7, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.sltrib.com\/story.php?ref=\/sltrib\/news\/58403975-78\/canyon-ride-blm-lyman.html.csp\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.sltrib.com\/story.php?ref=\/sltrib\/news\/58403975-78\/canyon-ride-blm-lyman.html.csp<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid; Molly Jackson, \u201cThe \u2018hostages\u2019 of Oregon standoff: 4,00 Paiute artifacts?,\u201d <em>Christian Science Monitor<\/em>, January 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/USA\/USA-Update\/2016\/0117\/The-hostages-of-Oregon-standoff-4-000-Paiute-artifacts-video\">www.csmonitor.com\/USA\/USA-Update\/2016\/0117\/The-hostages-of-Oregon-standoff-4-000-Paiute-artifacts-video<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_31');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Les Zaitz, \u201cOregon standoff leader warns feds: Back off,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, January 19, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/post.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/post.html<\/a>; Isaac Park, \u201cOregon Militia Standoff Spotlights Federal-Tribal Quandary over Artifacts,\u201d <em>American Prospect<\/em>, February 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/prospect.org\/article\/oregon-militia-standoff-spotlights-federal-tribal-quandary-over-artifacts\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/prospect.org\/article\/oregon-militia-standoff-spotlights-federal-tribal-quandary-over-artifacts<\/span><\/a>; Jacqueline Keeler, \u201c\u2018It&#8217;s So Disgusting\u2019 Malheur Militia Dug Latrine Trenches Among Sacred Artifacts,\u201d <em>Indian Country Today Media Network<\/em>, February 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com\/2016\/02\/17\/its-so-disgusting-malheur-militia-dug-latrine-trenches-among-sacred-artifacts-163454\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com\/2016\/02\/17\/its-so-disgusting-malheur-militia-dug-latrine-trenches-among-sacred-artifacts-163454<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jennifer Dowling, \u201cPaiute Tribe: \u2018It\u2019s not about possessing\u2019 artifacts,\u201d <em>KOIN6<\/em>, January 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/koin.com\/2016\/01\/24\/paiute-tribe-its-not-about-possessing-artifacts\/\">koin.com\/2016\/01\/24\/paiute-tribe-its-not-about-possessing-artifacts<\/a>; Eric Lacitis, \u201cFor a Tulalip 22-year-old, a life gone haywire after Oregon standoff,\u201d <em>Seattle Times<\/em>, March 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff\/\">www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/crime\/for-tulalip-22-year-old-a-life-gone-haywire-after-oregon-standoff.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cLaVoy memorial site blessed by local Indians. Burns Oregon,\u201d YouTube video, 6:25, posted by \u201cRocky Hall,\u201d April 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kkmuwEuKsdQ&amp;feature=share\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kkmuwEuKsdQ<\/a>; Andrew Selsky, \u201cOregon refuge takeover is over, but aftershocks remain,\u201d <em>Salt Lake Tribune<\/em>, June 26, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sltrib.com\/news\/4051576-155\/story.html\">www.sltrib.com\/news\/4051576-155\/story.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See Charles Tanner Jr, \u201cThe American Lands Council and the Anti-Indian Movement,\u201d <em>IREHR<\/em>, October 19, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2015\/10\/19\/the-american-lands-council-and-the-anti-indian-movement\">www.irehr.org\/2015\/10\/19\/the-american-lands-council-and-the-anti-indian-movement<\/a>; Charles Tanner Jr, \u201cTea Parties, Property Rights and Anti-Indianism in the Klamath River Basin,\u201d <em>IREHR<\/em>, August 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2012\/08\/02\/tea-parties-property-rights-and-anti-indianism-in-the-klamath-river-basin\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2012\/08\/02\/tea-parties-property-rights-and-anti-indianism-in-the-klamath-river-basin\/.<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_35');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cBefore the Board of County Commissioners for Harney County, State of Oregon, Proposal for Resolution of the Peaceful Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge by Citizens for Constitutional Freedom,\u201d dated January 8, 2016, <em>Pacific Patriots Network<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/downloads\/Proposed%20Resoulition%20of%20Peacful%20Occupation%20-%20Malheur%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge.pdf\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/downloads\/Proposed Resoulition of Peacful Occupation &#8211; Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_36');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_36\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joseph Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016; email exchange on April 29, 2016, with an Oregon Three Percenter, who wrote that: \u201cThe reservations and the tribes are sovereign nations and I believe they are paid for by the blood of their ancestors and I or no one I know wishes to take them from them.\u201d (However, this person stressed that they did not speak for all Three Percenters in Oregon.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_37');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_37\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cara Prichard, \u201cOath Keepers stand guard at \u2018Jesus Welcomes You to Hawkins\u2019 sign,\u201d <em>East Texas Matters.com<\/em>, September 25 (updated September 26), 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.myeasttex.com\/news\/local-news\/oath-keepers-stand-guard-jesus-welcomes-you-to-hawkins-sign\">www.myeasttex.com\/news\/local-news\/oath-keepers-stand-guard-jesus-welcomes-you-to-hawkins-sign<\/a>; Glenn Evans, \u201cJesus sign in Hawkins watched day and night,\u201d <em>Longview News-Journal<\/em>, October 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.news-journal.com\/news\/2015\/oct\/09\/jesus-sign-in-hawkins-watched-day-and-night\">www.news-journal.com\/news\/2015\/oct\/09\/jesus-sign-in-hawkins-watched-day-and-night<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_38');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_38\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dave Seminara, Richard P\u00e9rez-Pe\u00f1a, and Kirk Johnson, \u201cOregon Standoff Ends as Last Militant Surrenders,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, February 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/02\/12\/us\/oregon-standoff.html\">www.nytimes.com\/2016\/02\/12\/us\/oregon-standoff.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_39');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_39\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gavin Seim, \u201cWhy You Can\u2019t Support Liberty AND Abortion!,\u201d <em>Gavin Seim Liberty Speaker<\/em>, January 23, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/callmegav.com\/2014\/01\/abortion-government-the-constitution\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/callmegav.com\/2014\/01\/abortion-government-the-constitution<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15848_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15848_1_40');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15848_1_40\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amanda Peacher, \u201cMeet The Women Of The Occupied Refuge,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 22, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militia-meet-the-women-of-the-occupied-refuge\/\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-militia-meet-the-women-of-the-occupied-refuge\/<\/a><u>;<\/u> Lauren Fox, \u201cThe Women Who Changed The Course of the Oregon Standoff,\u201d <em>Talking Points Memo<\/em>, February 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/talkingpointsmemo.com\/muckraker\/women-played-a-big-role-in-the-oregon-standoff\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/talkingpointsmemo.com\/muckraker\/women-played-a-big-role-in-the-oregon-standoff<\/span><\/a>; on Agresta, see Les Zaitz, \u201cOregon standoff: Sheriff&#8217;s stance in LaVoy Finicum shooting draws outrage,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, February 9 (updated February 23), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/02\/oregon_standoff_sheriffs_stanc.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/02\/oregon_standoff_sheriffs_stanc.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_15848_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15848_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15848_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_15848_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15848_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15848_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15848_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15848_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_15848_1(); 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Most Patriot movement groups today have a \u201ccolorblind\u201d approach, and say they are not racist. The Oath Keepers\u2019 bylaws specifically bar open racists.(1)\u201cNo person who advocates, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15735,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-section-i.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15848","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15848"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15848\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16291,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15848\/revisions\/16291"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15735"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}