{"id":15850,"date":"2016-09-23T09:40:45","date_gmt":"2016-09-23T16:40:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rop.org\/?page_id=8016"},"modified":"2020-12-30T04:03:42","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T04:03:42","slug":"oregons-hard-right-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/section-i\/oregons-hard-right-history\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\">Oregon\u2019s contemporary Patriot movement does not come out of a local void. Despite its reputation as a liberal stronghold, the state has a long history of Hard Right politics\u2014including large grassroots movements. These include the racial exclusion laws the state was founded on; a large Ku Klux Klan presence; various Nazi and White supremacist groups; Posse Comitatus recruiting and activism; Roy Masters\u2019s foundation and media activities; the homophobic and anti-abortion Oregon Citizens Alliance; and Christian Patriot and militia movement in the 1980s and 1990s. Just like the Oath Keepers, Three Percenters, and Malheur occupiers did in 2015 and 2016, in the 1970s to early 2000s Hard Right groups in Oregon\u2014including the Posse Comitatus, Aryan Nations, the Oregon Citizens Alliance, and Southern Oregon Militia\u2014all hitched their horses to land-use issues. And numerous Sovereign Citizens have been arrested in the state for years, especially in Jackson County.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early Foundations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Racial Exclusion Laws<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oregon was founded on racial exclusion laws. In 1844, when it was still a territory, a law was passed subjecting to lashings any free black citizen who did not leave. This was repealed, but an 1849 law prohibited African-Americans from coming to the territory; this too was repealed. Oregon was accepted into the union as a non-slave state, but its 1857 Constitution prohibited any African-Americans from moving to the state who were not already residents. Voters overturned the law in 1926.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R. Gregory Nokes, \u201cBlack History Month: Oregon\u2019s exclusion laws aimed to prevent black\u2019s from settling here,\u201d Oregonian, February 9, 2014, www.oregonlive.com\/hillsboro\/index.ssf\/2014\/02\/black_history_month_oregons_ex.html.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>The state also ratified the Fourteenth Amendment (which granted citizenship to freed slaves) in 1866, but rescinded it in 1868; it was only re-ratified in 1973. And Black Oregonians were not the only group persecuted; in 1893, LaGrande\u2019s Chinatown was burned down, and its residents fled.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Matt Novak, \u201cOregon Was Founded As A Racist Utopia,\u201d Gizmodo, January 21, 2015, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/gizmodo.com\/oregon-was-founded-as-a-racist-utopia-1539567040.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>Today, the state is 77 percent White (non-Hispanic\/Latino)\u2014one of the most white in the country, which is currently 62 percent.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For Oregon demographics, see \u201cQuick Facts: Oregon,\u201d United States Census Bureau, www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/table\/PST045215\/41,00; for the United States as a whole, see \u201cQuick Facts: United States,\u201d United States Census Bureau, www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/table\/PST045215\/00. The figure rises to 88 percent (Oregon) and 77 percent (United States) when combined with those who identity as both white and Hispanic\/Latino.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><br><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ku Klux Klan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oregon\u2019s Ku Klux Klan had meteoric rise and fall; it was founded in 1921, dominated the 1923 state election, and by 1925 had fallen apart. Lawrence J. Saalfield, author of a book about the Oregon Klan, described Portland as \u201cthe virtual headquarters of the Klan west of the Rocky Mountains.\u201d<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lawrence J. Saalfeld, Forces of Prejudice in Oregon 1920\u20131925 (Portland: Archdiocesan Historical Commission, 1984), 2.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>There were 14,000 to 20,000 Klan members in the state by the early 1920s, and before the decade\u2019s end as many as 50,000 may have passed through the organization\u2019s ranks.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">David A. Horowitz, \u201cSocial Morality and Personal Revitalization: Oregon&#8217;s Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s,\u201d Oregon Historical Quarterly 90, no. 4 (Winter 1989): 369.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oregon\u2019s Klan was an overtly White supremacist organization; however, while it occasionally campaigned against people of color\u2014in particular those of Japanese descent\u2014its main focus was against Roman Catholics, many of whom were recent immigrants. At the time, they were demonized in the same way Jews often are: as a fifth column in the nation, who dominate its institutions, but whose real loyalties are to a foreign power. Scholar Eckard V. Toy wrote, \u201cThe racial and moralistic attitudes of Klansmen were not significantly different from those of other Oregonians\u201d\u2014who were overwhelmingly white, Protestant, and native-born.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Eckard V. Toy, \u201cRobe and Gown: The Ku Klux Klan in Eugene, Oregon,\u201d in The Invisible Empire in the West: Towards a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s, ed. Shawn Lay (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 156.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 1922 vote was a two-fold victory for the Klan. First, the Republican candidate they backed, Walter Pierce, was elected governor; and second, a referendum they supported, aimed at crippling the Roman Catholic private school system, was passed. In March 1923, both Pierce and Portland Mayor George L. Baker paid their political dues by attending a banquet for Klan leader Frederick L. Gifford. Klan-backed legislation was also passed, banning teachers from wearing religious headgear in public schools (aimed at Catholics), and limiting land ownership by non-citizens (aimed at Japanese). But other bills failed. Beset by internal faction-fighting, the state Klan faded from sight in 1925, although there was a brief revival in 1926.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For the story of the 1920s Klan movement in Oregon, see Saalfeld, Forces of Prejudice in Oregon 1920\u20131925.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;But the Klan\u2019s power had faded so much that, the same year, the African-American exclusion clause was repealed from the state constitution. The private school referendum they had backed was also struck down the year before by the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Silver Shirts and Japanese Internments<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1930s, the state had a visible membership in the Silver Legion of America (better known as the Silver Shirts), a pro-Nazi organization. Former Oregon Klan leaders Gifford and Luther I. Powell even joined the group, which in 1939 had 750 members in the state.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Powell even returned to Oregon to work with the state chapter; see Neiwert, In God\u2019s Country, 45, 46.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pro-Nazi group was suppressed by the U.S. government during the war\u2014but the federal government turned around and enacted its own racist policies in the state. In 1942, the federal government forcibly interned 4,000 Oregonians of Japanese descent (including both Japanese expatriates and native-born citizens) in camps. When they returned after the war, 75 percent of the land they had owned before 1942 was no longer in their hands.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Craig Collisson, \u201cJapanese American Wartime Incarceration in Oregon,\u201d Oregon Encyclopedia, www.oregonencyclopedia.org\/articles\/japanese_internment.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><br><a href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Posse Comitatus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1970s, Oregon also became a center for the Posse Comitatus movement, centered around Portland\u2019s Henry Lamont \u201cMike\u201d Beach. A former member of the Silver Shirts, Beach became a key link between Oregon\u2019s past and future Hard Right.<br>Many of the tactics and organizing approaches used by the 1970s Oregon Posse Comitatus can be seen in use today by the Patriot movement; these includes establishing relationships with radical gun rights groups, establishing fake courts, anti-environmental activism, and armed takeovers. In 1974, a \u201ccitizens grand jury\u201d was organized by the Lane County Posse Comitatus. The same group also made links with a gun rights group, the National Association to Keep and Bear Arms (NAKBA).<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Levitas, The Terrorist Next Door, 115\u201316.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1973, Beach plagiarized the writings of Posse Comitatus founder William Potter Gale into a short booklet, the <em>Blue Book<\/em>, and started issuing his own charters for groups. Soon there were at least nine Oregon counties with chartered Posse Comitatus groups.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, 114\u201315, 447n30.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;Many were in the same areas where the 1920s Klan had been strong, in Oregon\u2019s south and east\u2014the same political strongholds of Posse Comitatus, and today of the various Patriot movement groups.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, 133.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1975, the Klamath County Posse Comitatus chairman sent threatening letters to state legislators, saying they would be tried for treason by his movement&#8217;s fake grand juries if they did not repeal a 1973 land conservation act. The threats were discussed on the floor of the state senate, and the Oregon state attorney general was consulted.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, 133\u201334.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Posse Comitatus activists sued Josephine County for accepting paper money for tax payments.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, 156.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;And foreshadowing the Malheur takeover, in 1976 Posse Comitatus activist Everett Thoren claimed (falsely) that he owned half of a farm in rural Umatilla County. He recruited Posse Comitatus activists from California and Portland, and engineered an armed takeover of the farm\u2014although Thoren himself did not join in. Like at Malheur, none of the occupiers were locals, but unlike Malheur, they surrendered the same day to authorities.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, 154\u201367. See also Renee Struthers, \u201cOUT OF THE VAULT: Armed posse takes over Stanfield potato shed,\u201d East Oregonian, January 6, 2016, www.eastoregonian.com\/eo\/out-of-the-vault\/20160106\/out-of-the-vault-armed-posse-takes-over-stanfield-potato-shed.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Josephine County: Roy Masters and the State of Jefferson<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many communes, cults, and alternative religious communities set up shop in Oregon in the 1970s and 1980s. One of those was Roy Masters\u2019 Foundation of Human Understanding, which came to Josephine County in 1979. Masters\u2014who promotes a right-wing brand of Christianity, deeply infused with libertarian economics, and patriarchal and homophobic views. The group allegedly tried to take over the county government. Locals soon dubbed his followers \u201cRoybots,\u201d and he was embroiled in numerous lawsuits.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Edith Decker, \u201cPreacher Roy Masters brought controversy, uproar to Josephine,\u201d Daily Courier (Grants Pass, OR), April 1, 2010, 3D, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/web.thedailycourier.com\/eedition\/2010\/04\/01\/Progress\/3.pdf.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Masters\u2014host of the radio show <em>Advice Line<\/em>\u2014later established the right-wing Talk Radio Network, which included Art Bell\u2019s popular overnight conspiracy show <em>Coast to Coast AM<\/em>. The network passed to Roy\u2019s son Mark Masters, and featured Michael Savage and Laura Ingraham.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Caitlin Dickson, \u201cThe Godfather of Right-Wing Radio,\u201d Daily Beast, November 23, 2014, www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2014\/11\/23\/the-godfather-of-right-wing-radio.html.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;<em>WorldNetDaily (WND)<\/em>, one of the most popular right-wing conspiracy theory websites today, was originally based at Roy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Masters\u2019 headquarters.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(18)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cConfirmed: WND Was Headquartered At Roy Masters\u2019 Ranch,\u201d ConWebBlog, May 1, 2012, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/conwebwatch.tripod.com\/blog\/index.blog\/2266001\/confirmed-wnd-was-headquartered-at-roy-masters-ranch.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;The right-wing conspiracy website <em>News With Views<\/em>, based in Merlin, appears to be part of Roy Masters\u2019 orbit as well; the site features many of his talks. County officials, including former Sheriff Gil Gilbertson, have written for the site while in office. (See Josephine County section.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16101\"><figure class=\"alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/State-of-Jefferson-flag-300x183-1.jpg\" alt=\"The \u201cState of Jefferson\u201d is a movement in southwestern Oregon and northern California to form a new state. Its activists often cross-pollinate with the Patriot movement.\" class=\"wp-image-16101\"\/><figcaption>The \u201cState of Jefferson\u201d is a movement in southwestern Oregon and northern California to form a new state. Its activists often cross-pollinate with the Patriot movement.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Josephine County is also one of the centers for the regional separatist State of Jefferson movement. Covering parts of northern California and southwestern Oregon, the proposed state\u2019s flag has two X\u2019s to symbolize it being \u201cdouble-crossed\u201d by Salem and Sacramento. The State of Jefferson idea dates back to 1852, but today many activists who are involved in the libertarian-leaning secessionist project are closely aligned with the Patriot movement.<span style=\"font-size: 13.3333px;\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(19)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">On the early history, see Stephen Most, River of Renewal: Myth and History on the Klamath Basin (Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press\/University of Washington Press, 2006), 192\u201396; Sarah Goodyear, \u201cRebellion in California,\u201d Daily News (New York), February 9, 2016, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/interactive.nydailynews.com\/2016\/02\/state-of-jefferson-secessionists-california-gun-totin-rebels;<\/span> Robert Crawford, S.L. Gardener, Jonathan Mozzochi, and R.L. Taylor, Northwest Imperative: Documenting a Decade of Hate (Portland, OR: Coalition for Human Dignity, 1994), 1.10.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span>&nbsp;State of Jefferson flags are commonly seen at many Patriot movement rallies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nazi Skinheads and Aryan Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oregon was one of the centers of the neo-Nazi movement in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the mid-1980s, racist leaders floated a plan called the Northwest Territorial Imperative, which sought to establish a White ethnostate in the region. The Nazi skinhead movement in particular established a strong following in the state, and in 1988 members of a Portland Nazi skinhead gang\u2014loosely connected to Tom Metzger\u2019s White Aryan Resistance (WAR)\u2014murdered Ethiopian immigrant Mulugeta Seraw. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(20)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ravleen Kaur,&#8221;The Mulugeta Seraw Murder: 25 Years Later,&#8221; <em>Willamette Week, <\/em>November 21, 2013,&nbsp;<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.wweek.com\/portland\/blog-30937-the_mulugeta_seraw_murder_25_years_later.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;(The SPLC won a major lawsuit against Metzger for inspiring the murder, bankrupting WAR.)<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(21)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For the most complete account of this incident, see Elinor Langer, A Hundred Little Hitlers: The Death of a Black Man, the Trial of a White Racist, and the Rise of the Neo-Nazi Movement in America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2003).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1990, the American Front, one of the largest national Nazi skinhead organizations, relocated their operations to Portland. Elsewhere in the state, other neo-Nazis were active; these included the National Socialist Vanguard, and the national organization Volksfront, which was founded in 1994.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(22)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Heidi Beirich, \u201cThe End of Volksfront?,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, November 20, 2013, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2013\/end-volksfront.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>Followers of Christian Identity, an openly racist and antisemitic version of Christianity, were also active in the state, and sometimes served as a bridge between the neo-Nazi and Christian Patriot groups.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(23)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jonathan Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy in Oregon (Portland, OR: Coalition for Human Dignity, 1990).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Aryan Nations, based in Idaho and led by Richard Butler, targeted the state. Butler had been in the same Christian Identity church as Posse Comitatus founder Gale; Butler took the church over, moved it from southern California to northern Idaho, and renamed it Aryan Nations. However, he continued to have a long, on-again-off-again relationship with the Patriot movement.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(24)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">In 1975, Butler was in a Posse Comitatus group in Idaho. He signed on to Gale\u2019s 1984 Committee of States project, and Gale came to the Aryan Nations compound to promote it. Butler was also at the 1992 Estes Park, Colorado meeting. See Levitas, The Terrorist Next Door, 110, 131, 288, 289\u201390; David Neiwart, \u201c\u2018We Are At War\u2019: How Militias, Racists and Anti-Semites Found a Home in the Tea Party,\u201d AlterNet, November 21, 2010, www.alternet.org\/story\/148946\/%22we_are_at_war%22%3A_how_militias,_racists_and_anti-semites_found_a_home_in_the_tea_party.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1991, Aryan Nations targeted Oregon for a recruiting drive, attempting to exploit public resentment against environmental restrictions to save the spotted owl, which was then a federally recognized endangered species. The group\u2019s plan to make Josephine County the center of an organizing drive in 1995 was cancelled after an anti-racist march in Grants Pass drew 1,500 people. After Butler died in 2004, a number of splinter groups formed which all took the group\u2019s name. In 2010, one of these splinter groups tried to move its headquarters to John Day, Oregon. This, too, was scrapped after strong local opposition, aided by the Rural Organizing Project.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(25)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For 1991 drive, see Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 1.18; for 1995, see Associated Press, \u201c1,500 Rally Against Aryan Recruiters White Supremacists Plan To Base Drive in Grants Pass,\u201d Spokesman-Review, February 26, 1995, www.spokesman.com\/stories\/1995\/feb\/26\/1500-rally-against-aryan-recruiters-white; for the 2010 attempt, see \u201cRural Oregon is a Hate Free Zone: Grant County Update,\u201d Rural Organizing Project, February 26, 2010, www.rop.org\/rural-oregon-is-a-hate-free-zone-grant-county-update.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oregon Citizens Alliance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The homophobic, anti-abortion Oregon Citizens Alliance (OCA) became a powerful force in Oregon politics in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a local manifestation of Christian Right-driven culture wars. Formed in 1986 by Lon Mabon, the OCA repeatedly employed Oregon\u2019s accessible ballot referendum system to push a reactionary social agenda. In 1988 the OCA won Measure 8, which repealed the state rule against sexual orientation discrimination, and prohibited any new protections from being implemented. (This was their only state referendum victory, however, and the courts would later overturn it.) Turning to abortion issues, Measure 10 in 1990 required parental notification for abortion for minors, but it was defeated. OCA\u2019s major battle, which attracted national attention, was Measure 9 in 1992, which would have amended the state constitution forcing schools and government agencies to discourage \u201chomosexuality, pedophilia, sadism and masochism.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The measure eventually failed\u2014and opposition to it led to the formation of the Rural Organizing Project. But similar measures were passed in several localities before being overturned by state legislation.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(26)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Marc Ramirez, \u201cLon Mabon Sets \u2018Em Straight,\u201d Seattle Times, October 3, 1993, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/community.seattletimes.nwsource.com\/archive\/?date=19931003&amp;slug=1724056;<\/span> George T. Nicola, \u201cOregon Anti-Gay Ballot Measures,\u201d Gay &amp; Lesbian Archives of the Pacific Northwest, April 3, 2013, www.glapn.org\/6013OregonAntiGayMeasures.html; Voters\u2019 Pamphlet: State of Oregon General Election November 6, 1990, comp. by Barbara Roberts, (Salem, OR: State of Oregon, 1990), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/library.state.or.us\/repository\/2010\/201003011350161\/ORVPGenMari1990.pdf;<\/span> Joe Kidd, \u201cCity officials put gay issue on fall ballot,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard,&nbsp;July 27, 1993, C1, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=nkFWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=ZeoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2937,6191534.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;In addition, the OCA closely aligned itself with the corporate-funded, anti-environmental Wise Use movement, incorporated its views into the OCA platform, and sponsored a land-use ballot initiative.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(27)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For Wise Use, see Stephenie Hendricks, \u201cThe Perversion of \u2018Wise Use\u2019,\u201d Brooklyn Rail, May 9, 2006, www.brooklynrail.org\/2006\/05\/books\/the-perversion-of-wise-use; William Kevin Burke, \u201cThe Wise Use Movement: Right Wing Anti-Environmentalism,\u201d Political Research Associates, June 1993, www.publiceye.org\/magazine\/v07n2\/wiseuse.html.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1980s\u20142000s Militia and Patriot Movement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\"><\/a>By the 1980s, post-Posse Comitatus groups operating under the banner of the \u201cChristian Patriot\u201d movement started to appear in Oregon. These were succeeded by a number of militias in the early 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Republic v. Democracy Redress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1980s a number of individuals and groups in the state continued to employ the fake legal strategies that were pioneered by Posse Comitatus. In Oregon City, this included the racist and antisemitic group Republic v. Democracy Redress, publishers of <em>BEHOLD!<\/em> They held that only white people could be full U.S. citizens.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(28)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The group was led by Robert Wangrud. See Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.36\u20132.37; Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy in Oregon, 25. A website with some the magazine\u2019s archives is at www.beholdonline.info. For more on Wangrud, see Zeskind, Blood and Politics, 81.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tactics of the newly emerging Sovereign Citizen movement had a more general following in the state, as well. In just nine months of 1982, 15 to 20 \u201ccases which involved combinations of harassing lawsuits and common law liens and common law \u2018signature\u2019 liens had been filed\u201d in the state.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(29)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mark Pitcavage, \u201cPaper Terrorism\u2019s Forgotten Victims: The Use of Bogus Liens Against Private Individuals and Businesses,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, June 29, 1998, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/privlien.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Medford Citizens\u2019 Bar Association<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two Hard Right groups, with an intertwined history, ran a politically based tax scam in Oregon for decades: the Medford Citizen\u2019s Bar Association (MCBA) and the Christian Patriot Association. The MCBA published a paper called the <em>CBA Bulletin<\/em>, which promoted fake legal, racist, and antisemitic writings.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(30)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Devin Burghart and Robert Crawford, Guns &amp; Gavels: Common Law Courts, Militias &amp; White Supremacy (Portland, OR: Coalition for Human Dignity, 1996), 14.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>The group also ran a warehouse bank\u2014an illegal private service which provided checking services to members while hiding its paperwork from the IRS, thereby enabling tax evasion. (Opposition to the federal income tax has long been a popular issue on the Hard Right, and the right-wing tax protest movement was one of the currents that fed into Posse Comitatus.) The bank was raided by the government in 1985. Several members were convicted in 1990, although one, Art Hollowell, fled.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(31)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Peter Gillins, \u201cIRS to probe \u2018warehouse bank\u2019 customers,\u201d United Press International, October 25, 1985, www.upi.com\/Archives\/1985\/10\/25\/IRS-to-probe-warehouse-bank-customers\/3960499060800; Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy in Oregon, 22\u00ad\u201325.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>(He was caught and sentenced in 1996; in 2010 he reappeared in Patriot circles.)<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(32)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Associated Press, \u201cFugitive tax protestor sentenced to year in prison,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard,&nbsp;October 6, 1996, 2C, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19961006&amp;id=KUxWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=HOsDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4220,1527402&amp;hl=en;<\/span> Heidi Beirich, \u201cMidwifing The Militias,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, March 2, 2010, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2010\/midwifing-militias.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By 1994 the MCBA\u2019s periodical had changed its name to <em>The American\u2019s Bulletin<\/em>, and was run by Robert Kelly.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(33)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.28\u20132.30.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>Two years later, the group itself was reported to be defunct, although the periodical continued under Kelly\u2019s editorship.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(34)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPaper prints \u2018uncensored truth\u2019,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 12, 1996, 4B, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19960412&amp;id=UUdWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=6-oDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4019,2559151&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;<em>The American\u2019s Bulletin<\/em> defended the militia movement, and in the late 1990s was a leading promoter of the \u201credemption movement\u201d\u2014a Sovereign Citizen financial scheme to defraud banks.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(35)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cRedemption\u201d is a financial scam created by Robert Elvick, who worked closely with William Potter Gale, the founder of Posse Comitatus. Redemption is based on the idea that the federal government has a secret bank account for each citizen; when we are born, a large amount of money is deposited in it, which the government uses as collateral. Sovereign Citizens hold that this money can be withdrawn\u2014essentially by passing fake checks, promissory notes, and sight drafts. The Sovereign Citizen concepts of the \u201cstraw man\u201d and \u201cflesh-and-blood person\u201d are based on this idea. See Mark Pitcavage, \u201cOld Wine, New Bottles: Paper Terrorism, Paper Scams, and Paper \u2018Redemption\u2019,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, November 9, 1999, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/redemption.html;<\/span> \u201cNew Multi-Million Dollar Scam Takes Off In Anti-Government Circles,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, December 18, 2002, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2002\/new-multi-million-dollar-scam-takes-antigovernment-circles.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><em>&nbsp;The American\u2019s Bulletin<\/em> is still published today out of Central Point, Oregon, just outside of Medford, and in early 2016 ran Sovereign Citizen articles defending the Hammond family in Burns.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(36)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">American\u2019s Bulletin, January\u2013February 2016, 12\u201313, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/americansbulletin.com\/published-archive.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><br><a href=\"#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Christian Patriot Association<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 1985 IRS raid of the MCBA did not stop the illegal banking activities, which were handed over to the Christian Patriot Association, run by Richard Flowers, the following year.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(37)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.15. The banking operations of the MCBA and Christian Patriot Association were conducted under various names, including the American Freeman Association, National Currency Exchange, Natural Coin Exchange, and Horizon Sun Business Trust. See David Cay Johnston, \u201cIRS Arrests 6 in White Supremacist Group on Tax Charges,\u201d New York Times, November 17, 2000, www.nytimes.com\/2000\/11\/17\/business\/irs-arrests-6-in-white-supremacist-group-on-tax-charges.html.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;The Christian Patriot Association published a periodical (<em>The Patriot Review<\/em>) and books, as well as distributing other titles. They distributed fake legal works, as well as racist, antisemitic, and Christian Identity texts, and weapons manuals.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(38)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.13\u20132.15; see also Richard Hatch, \u201cThe Populist Action Committee,\u201d Political Research Associates, May 1993, www.publiceye.org\/racism\/popactcom.html.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1996, it was&nbsp; raided by authorities, and in 2000 a number of members were arrested. In 2002 they were convicted, and after a lengthy appeals process, the main sentences were handed down in 2005. The Department of Justice claimed that between 1986 and 2000, the Christian Patriot Association had \u201cprovided anonymous banking for 900 members nationwide and handled deposits totaling over $186 million.\u201d<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(39)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Associated Press, \u201cIRS seizes Christian Patriot records,\u201d Lewiston Tribune, May 21, 1996, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/m.lmtribune.com\/mobile\/northwest\/article_63b1718d-8c54-5703-89b7-80b7fa6dcb37.html;<\/span> David Cay Johnston, \u201cIRS Arrests 6 in White Supremacist Group on Tax Charges,\u201d New York Times, November 17, 2000, www.nytimes.com\/2000\/11\/17\/business\/irs-arrests-6-in-white-supremacist-group-on-tax-charges.html; \u201cFederal Jury Convicts Oregon Extremists in Fraud Case,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, June 13, 2002, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/learn\/news\/convicts_or.html;<\/span> \u201cThree Defendants Imprisoned for Tax Fraud Conspiracy,\u201d United States Department of Justice, February 18, 2005, www.justice.gov\/archive\/tax\/txdv05070.htm.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, many people connected to the MCBA and Christian Patriot Association made headlines for violent criminal activity. Maynard Campbell, from Ashland, advertised his how-to guides for making biological weapons like ricin in the <em>CBA Bulletin. <\/em>In 1992 he was arrested after a standoff with police, and was murdered in prison in 1997.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(40)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jonathan B. Tucker, Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (Boston: MIT Press, 1994), 167.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1996, during the Justus Township standoff, two armed men\u2014Mike Bartee and Tad Silveira\u2014tried to reinforce the compound with food and ammunition; they said they had <em>The American\u2019s Bulletin<\/em> press credentials. Bartee also identified himself as associated with the Embassy of Heaven church.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(41)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Justus Township in Montana was an area that was declared to be under the control of the \u201cFreemen,\u201d who were Sovereign Citizens. When federal agents attempted to execute an arrest warrant, a standoff ensued, but ended peacefully after an 81 days. Associated Press, \u201cFreemen backers seek common law solution to conflict,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 4, 1996, 4C, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19960404&amp;id=Z0dWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=6-oDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3548,587895&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1997, this church\u2014which was <em>also<\/em> utilizing these fake legal strategies\u2014was foreclosed on in Sublimity, Oregon. Scott Roeder, who murdered abortion provider George Tiller in 2009, had previously received instruction from the church, although he did not receive \u201ccitizenship\u201d\u2014which the church granted its followers\u2014from them. (The church, which today is in Stayton, Oregon, opposes violence.)<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(42)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See \u201cEmbassy of Heaven Leader Evicted,\u201d Militia Watchdog: Neo-Militia News; Anti-Defamation League, last updated March 5, 1997, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/oldnews4.html;<\/span> Judy L. Thomas, \u201cInvestigation looks into whether Tiller shooting was part of conspiracy,\u201d Wichita Eagle, June 14, 2009, www.kansas.com\/news\/special-reports\/article1008046.html. The church\u2019s website is Embassy of Heaven, www.embassyofheaven.com.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1997 in Damascus, Oregon, a bomb was set off at a pornographic video store as a diversionary tactic before a bank robbery. In 2002, two men\u2014Fritz Springmeier and Forrest E. Bateman, Jr.\u2014were arrested in connection to this. They had met at a meeting of the Christian Patriot Association, and both were also connected to the violent anti-abortion group Army of God.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_43');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_43');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(43)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOregon White Supremacist Sentenced For Role In Bank Robbery,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, November 25, 2003, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/learn\/news\/or_suprem_sentened.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;Springmeier was the author of several conspiracy theory books, and after his release spoke in Sellwood (just outside of Portland), hosted by the 9\/11 Truth Alliance, in both 2011 and 2012.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_44');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(44)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rose City Antifa, \u201cPortland 9\/11 Truth Alliance Hosts Right-Wing Bomber Courtesy of Citybikes President, Tim Calvert,\u201d Libcom.org, September 29, 2012, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/libcom.org\/forums\/news\/portland-911-truth-alliance-hosts-right-wing-bomber-courtesy-citybikes-president-tim.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite their obsession with fabricated paperwork and secret banks, the Christian Patriot movement didn\u2019t ignore land use issues. A 1990 report by Portland\u2019s Coalition for Human Dignity quotes a Christian Patriot movement activist as saying, \u201cOregon is 50% controlled by the Federal Government\u2014by those who control the Federal Government\u2014because 50% of the land is natural forest. So this state is dominated by a foreign power\u2026 [look at] the spotted owl and the lack of funding for industry, and the movement of industry down south\u2026.\u201d The report also noted that all the MCBA members worked in the wood products industry.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(45)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy In Oregon, 26.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fake Courts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the mid-to-late 1990s, a number of fake courts based on Posse Comitatus\/Sovereign Citizen ideas sprang up around Oregon. Rodney Elliot Askelson, who helped run the Christian Patriot Association in the 1980s, was a founder of the Common Law Supreme Court of Oregon.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(46)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Burghart and Crawford, Guns &amp; Gavels, 22, 23.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>The other courts included Our One Supreme Court of Wasco County, the United States District Court of Oregon, and the Multnomah County Common Law Court.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(47)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, 22; Lori Linzer and David Rosenberg, \u201cVigilante Justice: Militias and \u2018Common Law Courts\u2019 Wage War Against The Government,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, 1997, 42, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/adl-report-1997-vigilante-justice.pdf.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;The latter pledged support for the Embassy of Heaven when it ran afoul of the law.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(48)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c2. Multomah County Common Law Court in Disarray\u201d [sic], Northwest Update, June 1, 1997, 1.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other Sovereign Citizen Activity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Oregon Observer<\/em> is a Patriot newspaper founded in 1992, and is still published today as the <em>US~Observer<\/em>. Referred to as \u201cOregon&#8217;s premier patriot organ,\u201d publisher Ed Snook of Josephine County took part in hanging a black lawmaker in effigy in Salem in 1998. In 1999 he was involved in campaigns to recall elected officials in southwestern Oregon.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(49)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For founding, see \u201cAll About US-Observer,\u201d US~Observer, www.usobserver.com\/archive\/jan-11\/all-about-us-observer.html; for \u201cpremier\u201d quote, see Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c2. Multnomah County Common Law Court in Disarray,\u201d Northwest Update, 1; for effigy, see Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c5. Effigy-Hanging Patriot Sues State,\u201d Northwest Update, January 15, 1998, 2; for recall, see&nbsp;Chris Bristol, \u201cJudge speaks out against \u2018lunatic fringe\u2019,\u201d Mail Tribune (Medford, OR), May 13, 1999 (updated December 16, 2010), www.mailtribune.com\/article\/19990513\/News\/305139992.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Herbert Crawford was arrested in March 1996 arrest for drug manufacturing; he had been an associate of the Montana Freemen.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(50)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Linzer and Rosenberg, \u201cVigilante Justice,\u201d 6, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/adl-report-1997-vigilante-justice.pdf.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;In March 1998, Ronald A. Griesacker, who was affiliated with a range of Patriot-style groups, was arrested on fraud charges in Oregon.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_51');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_51');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(51)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_51\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cCalendar of Conspiracy: Volume 2, Number 1: A Chronology of Anti-Government Extremist Criminal Activity, January to March 1998,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, April 24, 1998, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/cocv2n1.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><br>Other arrests and threatening activity by Sovereign Citizens in Oregon include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In 1999, the Jackson County sheriff complained he was harassed by activists associated with Freedom Bound International, a Sovereign Citizen group.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(52)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c3. Oregon Sheriff Continues to Lean on Militia Members,\u201d Northwest Update, May 15, 1999, 1.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;Led by Brent Johnson (host of the radio show <em>American Sovereign<\/em>, which is now the <em>Voice of Freedom<\/em>), Freedom Bound International is based in Klamath Falls and still around today. They sell DVDs and books, including Johnson\u2019s <em>The American Sovereign: How to Live Free From Government Regulations<\/em>. You can even buy an \u201cinternational driver permit.\u201d<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_53');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_53');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(53)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_53\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cBooks,\u201d The Voice of Freedom, October 29, 2008, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/products\/books; \u201cWebcast: The Voice of Freedom,\u201d The Voice of Freedom, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/webcast; \u201cIdaho Observer: Interview with Brent Johnson,\u201d Pro-Liberty Network, August 2004, www.proliberty.com\/observer\/20040810.htm; \u201cFreedom Bound International Address And Phone Number,\u201d Voice of Freedom, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/contact-us\/1-freedom-bound-international-mailing-address-and-phone-number; \u201cInternational Driver Permit,\u201d Voice of Freedom, January 1, 2007, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/products\/international-driver-permit.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_53').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_53', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><li>In 2001, two Sovereign Citizens in Medford, Donald Harley Carter and Floyd Bradley Howe, received three-year sentences for their participation in redemption schemes.<span style=\"font-size: 13.3333px;\"><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_54');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_54');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(54)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201c2001 Extremist-Related Criminal Activities: Oregon,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/learn\/criminal_activity\/or_jan_mar_01.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_54').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_54', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><\/li><li>In 2005, Oregon\u2019s John David Van Hove, a.k.a. Johnny Liberty, was arrested while in Hawaii on tax fraud, wire fraud, and obstruction charges, and sentenced to two years. In the 1990s, he had been noted for promoting Sovereign Citizen theories to progressives and environmentalists. Van Hove wrote a number of books, including the massive <em>Global Sovereign\u2019s Handbook<\/em>, which includes many conspiracy theories and a focus on Native American sovereignty. Today he runs the Global Source Center in Ashland, and still sells his old books and audio courses.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_55');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_55');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(55)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_55\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cChristian Patriots &amp; the Counter-Culture,\u201d Northwest Update, May 15, 1995, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/assets.documentcloud.org\/documents\/1602214\/larryprattg00010.txt;<\/span> Department of Justice, \u201cHawaii Man Arrested On Tax Fraud, Wire Fraud And Obstruction Charges,\u201d United States Department of Justice, May 19, 2005, www.justice.gov\/archive\/tax\/txdv05251.htm; Attorney\u2019s Office, District of Hawaii, \u201cPress Release,\u201d United States Department of Justice, May 30, 2006, www.justice.gov\/archive\/tax\/usaopress\/2006\/txdv06_0605vanhove.html; Johnny Liberty, The Global Sovereign\u2019s Handbook (Ashland, OR: Institute for Communication Resources, 2014), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/freedom-school.com\/books\/johnny-liberty-the-global-sovereign-handbook.pdf;<\/span> \u201cFreedom Catalog: The Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction,\u201d Global Source Center, www.icresource.com\/pages\/e-commerce\/freedom-catalog.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_55').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_55', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><li>In March 2010, people involved in Pinnacle Quest International were convicted of tax and wire fraud, and money laundering. They included Ashland restaurant owner Eugene \u201cGino\u201d Joseph Casternovia, who had run a group called Southern Oregon Resource Center for Education, which advocated Sovereign-style tax evasion strategies.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_56');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_56');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(56)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cThe Lawless Ones,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, 2012, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Lawless-Ones-2012-Edition-WEB-final.pdf; Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cEight Promoters of Sham Tax Elimination Scheme Convicted of Tax Fraud Charges in Florida,\u201d United States Department of Justice, March 31, 2010, www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/eight-promoters-sham-tax-elimination-scheme-convicted-tax-fraud-charges-florida; Sanne Specht, \u201cAshland man gets 7 years in prison,\u201d Mail Tribune (Medford, OR), September 21, 2010, www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20100921\/news\/9210315.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><li>In October 2011, a \u201c<em>de jure<\/em> Grand Jury\u201d sent every Oregon district attorney an indictment for \u201ctreason, kidnapping, and slave trafficking. The documents also called on \u2018provost marshals\u2019 to arrest the officials and suggested that in some cases the death penalty might be appropriate.\u201d<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_57');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_57');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(57)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_57\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cThe Lawless Ones,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, 2012, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Lawless-Ones-2012-Edition-WEB-final.pdf; see also Jessie Higgins, \u201cTurning the tables, DA gets \u2018served\u2019,\u201d World (Coos Bay, OR), October 28, 2011, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/theworldlink.com\/turning-the-tables-da-gets-served\/article_70352f20-0181-11e1-abe5-001cc4c03286.html.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_57').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_57', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><li>In October 2011, Ronald and Dorothea Jolings from Coos Bay were indicted for tax evasion; apparently afterwards they embraced Sovereign Citizen ideology, filing false liens against federal officials and claiming each one owed them $100 million. In 2015 they skipped their sentencing, although were caught soon after; Ronald received eight years and Dorothea four for tax evasion. In February 2016, they pled guilty to new charges related to filing the false liens.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_58');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_58');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(58)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_58\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Bill Morlin, \u201cSovereign Oregon Pastor and Wife Flee Sentencing Hearing On Income Tax Evasion Charges,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, April 26, 2015, www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2015\/04\/27\/sovereign-oregon-pastor-and-wife-flee-sentencing-hearing-income-tax-evasion-charges; Jack Moran, \u201cCoquille pastor, wife charged with filing false, vindictive liens,\u201d Bend Bulletin, November 25, 2015, www.bendbulletin.com\/localstate\/3735190-151\/coquille-pastor-wife-charged-with-filing-false-vindictive; Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cOregon Husband And Wife Plead Guilty to Crimes Relating to Filing False Retaliatory Liens Against Federal Judges and Other Federal Officials,\u201d United States Department of Justice, February 18, 2016, www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/oregon-husband-and-wife-plead-guilty-crimes-related-filing-false-retaliatory-liens-against.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_58').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_58', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><li>In June 2014, Gary Lewis, a Sovereign Citizen, was arrested for murdering a tenant in his fortified Northeast Portland house.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_59');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_59');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(59)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_59\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPolice: Murder Suspect Gary Lewis in Custody,\u201d KOIN 6, June 12, 2014, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/koin.com\/2014\/06\/12\/police-murder-suspect-gary-lewis-in-custody;<\/span> Bill Morlin, \u201cSuspected \u2018Sovereign Citizen\u2019 Sought in Oregon Woman\u2019s Murder,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, June 11, 2014, www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2014\/06\/11\/suspected-sovereign-citizen-sought-oregon-womans-murder.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><li>Also in June 2014, a police SWAT team killed 73-year-old Ashland resident Earl Cranston Harris after he greeted police efforts to enter his house to serve an eviction notice with a shotgun. Harris spent years filing Sovereign Citizen documents in an attempt to prevent his home\u2019s foreclosure.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_60');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_60');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(60)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_60\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thomas Moriarty, \u201cThe Sovereign Among Us,\u201d Mail Tribune (Medford, OR), February 8, 2015, www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20150208\/news\/150209683.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><li>In December 2015, Winston Shrout, a Hillsboro, Oregon, Sovereign Citizen \u201cguru\u201d who traveled around the world teaching his legal theories, was charged with 19 counts of tax evasion. He later received additional charges for attempting to defraud banks with fake documents. An advocate of the redemption scheme, Shrout gave seminars in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_61');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_61');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(61)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_61\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cOregon Man Indicted for Failure to File Tax Returns,\u201d United States Department of Justice, December 9, 2015, www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/oregon-man-indicted-failure-file-tax-returns; \u201cWinston Shrout: The Rise and Fall of a Sovereign Citizen Guru,\u201d March 21, 2016, Access ADL, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/blog.adl.org\/extremism\/winston-shrout-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-sovereign-citizen-guru;<\/span> Anna Merlan, \u201cConspiracy Cruise Presenter Winston Shrout Indicted on Charges of Making Fake Financial Documents,\u201d Jezebel, March 17, 2016, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/jezebel.com\/conspiracy-cruise-presenter-winston-shrout-indicted-on-1765464325.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_61').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_61', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Militias<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Militias were part of the same political milieu of illegal banks, Sovereign Citizen periodicals, and pretend courts that dotted Oregon in the 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Southern Oregon Militia, founded by Ralph Bowman and based in Jackson and Josephine Counties, was formed in 1993; the secretive group still exists today. It threatened to intervene during the 1996 Justus Township standoff in Montana.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_62');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_62');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(62)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_62\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c5. Southern Oregon Militia in the Spotlight,\u201d Northwest Update, June 1, 1997, 2.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_62').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_62', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;In 2001 they also threatened to intervene in the Klamath Basin Water Crisis (see below).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carl F. Worden, the group\u2019s liason officer, describes the Southern Oregon Militia as a \u201cclandestine\u201d group. However, its secrecy does not preclude the group from endorsing candidates for office, and in May 2014 the militia gave its seal of approval to Corey Falls\u2019s successful bid for Jackson County sheriff, which it later revoked. It refused to join the Sugar Pine action or support the ongoing Malheur occupation. However, Worden defended Malheur\u2019s occupiers from repression, saying, \u201cIf this stupid bitch Governor Brown gets the feds come in and kill ANY of those protestors in Burns, we will come in and will exact the kind of revenge only revered on battlegrounds. Dear Ms. Brown: Your life and the lives of everyone you care about are on the line here. Make the wise choice, BITCH!\u201d<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_63');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_63');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(63)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_63\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Carl Worden, Facebook posts, 2015 and 2016. Screenshots in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_63').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_63', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-16102\"><figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"207\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/1.24.16-SOM-Malheur-e1474316450244-207x300-1.png\" alt=\"Carl Worden of the Southern Oregon Militia threatens to kill \u201cstupid bitch\u201d Oregon Governor Kate Brown if any of the Patriot movement activists in Burns are killed.\" class=\"wp-image-16102\"\/><figcaption>Carl Worden of the Southern Oregon Militia threatens to kill \u201cstupid bitch\u201d Oregon Governor Kate Brown if any of the Patriot movement activists in Burns are killed.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the summer of 1994, the Portland suburb of Hillsboro was home to the Oregon Militia.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_64');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_64');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(64)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_64\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jim Redden, \u201cSleep Well Tonight: The Oregon Militia is on the March,\u201d PDXS, July 4\u201317, 1994, 3\u20134.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_64').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_64', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;The larger Northwest Oregon Regional Militia, led by Mike Cross, formed in October 1994. It claimed members in 18 counties, but was disbanded following the shock of the Oklahoma City bombing.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_65');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_65');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_65\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(65)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_65\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Associated Press, \u201cOregon militiamen say role is defensive,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 24, 1994, 5A, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19950424&amp;id=rvxQAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=7eoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2975,6163439&amp;hl=en;<\/span> Associated Press, \u201cOregon militia organizer fears spies, calls it quits,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 30, 1995, 3B, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19950430&amp;id=ovxQAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=7eoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6750,7636593&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_65').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_65', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;The smaller Central Oregon Regional Militia, based in Prineville, but also active in neighboring Deschutes County, was founded the same month and also disbanded following the bombing.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_66');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_66');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_66\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(66)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_66\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Associated Press, \u201cAnother Oregon militia quits in wake of bombing,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard,&nbsp;May 13, 1995, 3B, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19950513&amp;id=1ERWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=7OoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4327,2892980&amp;hl=en;<\/span> see also Russell Miller, \u201cLocal militia formed to protect rights,\u201d Central Oregonian, November 15, 1994, front page. Image in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_66').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_66', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>(Kenneth Medenbach claimed he was a member of this latter group when he ran into legal problems in 1995 for claiming rights to federal land. In 2016, he was the first person arrested in connection with the Malheur Refuge takeover, after driving into Burns in a stolen Refuge truck.)<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_67');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_67');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_67\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(67)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_67\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Associated Press, \u201cMan Ready To Fight Feds Over Land,\u201d Spokesman-Review, May 12, 1995, www.spokesman.com\/stories\/1995\/may\/12\/man-ready-to-fight-feds-over-land; Rob Eure, \u201cLand Grab,\u201d Oregonian, July 24, 1995, A1, www.oregonlive.com\/search\/Oregonian (newspaper archive, paid access only); Les Zaitz, \u201cProtester arrested in Burns, accused of driving stolen refuge vehicle,\u201d Oregonian\/OregonLive, January 16, 2016, www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/protester_arrested_in_burns_dr.html.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_67').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_67', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;In 1996, the Eastern Oregon Militia made an appearance by also threatening to intervene in the Justus Township standoff.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_68');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_68');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_68\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(68)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_68\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Associated Press, \u201cOregon Militia Ready To Declare War If Standoff Doesn\u2019t End Peacefully, Groups Says It Will Target Military,\u201d Spokesman-Review, May 10, 1996, www.spokesman.com\/stories\/1996\/may\/10\/oregon-militia-ready-to-declare-war-if-standoff.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_68').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_68', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<\/sup>In conjunction with other groups, they also suggested setting up a common law court to resolve the standoff\u2014similar to how the Pacific Patriots Network offered to intervene between the FBI and the Malheur occupiers in 2016, and using almost the exact same language\u2014to prevent the government from \u201ctrying to instigate another Waco-type situation.\u201d<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_69');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_69');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_69\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(69)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_69\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Associated Press, \u201cEastern Oregon militia group supports Montana Freemen,\u201d Ellensburg Daily Record, April 4, 1996, 18, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=860&amp;dat=19960404&amp;id=slhUAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=444DAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5302,1229556&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_69').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_69', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klamath Basin Water Crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Klamath Basin water crisis of 2001\u20132002, militias capitalized on land-use conflicts to forward a much broader political agenda, just like what happened at the Malheur Refuge occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Klamath River Basin (which spans southern Oregon and northern California), is more than 60 percent federal land, and is the site of a still-unresolved dispute over water rights.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_70');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_70');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_70\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(70)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_70\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Most, River of Renewal, 49.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_70').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_70', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup>&nbsp;There are multiple parties involved, including farmers dependent on river irrigation, local governments, Native American tribes with water rights, fishers, environmentalists, and the federal government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In April 2001 the federal government bowed to pressure from the tribes, reducing the water flow significantly in order to reverse fish die-off. In response local farmers organized a protest in the form of a \u201cbucket brigade,\u201d where they symbolically drew water from the river. They specifically relied on cowboy imagery, riding on horses dressed up as cowboys, to show their opposition to the Native tribes\u2019 water claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While these protests were rooted in the local community, outside Patriot movement groups joined in. The Southern Oregon Militia sent an email which fantasized about killing Bureau of Land Management employees. The local sheriff refused to enforce trespassing laws against the protestors, and a local police officer was put on leave after an incendiary speech threatening violence against local environmentalists. One man who was arrested claimed to be part of a fake court which was involved in \u201cproceedings\u201d against real officials. An out-of-state convoy that came there in August 2001 was organized by Patriot movement activists, including the Militia of Montana. While this militia did not actually follow the convoy into Oregon in order to downplay tensions, at least one member did on his own. And just as in the Malheur conflict in 2016, Patriot movement activist Richard Mack made an appearance, and U.S. Representative Greg Walden weighed in on the farmers\u2019 side.<sup><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_71');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15850_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_71');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_71\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(71)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_71\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Most, River of Renewal, 230\u201343; Montana Human Rights Network News, \u201cSupporting Klamath Farmers Draws \u2018Patriot\u2019 Interest,\u201d Klamath Forest Alliance, September 2001, www.klamathforestalliance.org\/Archives\/newsarchives090101.html; Sheldon Rampton, \u201cFools Rush In: The Militia Movement and Klamath Falls,\u201d Klamath Forest Alliance, www.klamathforestalliance.org\/Organizational\/truthandjustice\/articles028.html; \u201cConflict in Klamath,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, November 29, 2001, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2001\/conflict-klamath.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_71').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15850_1_71', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15850_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15850_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15850_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_15850_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R. Gregory Nokes, \u201cBlack History Month: Oregon\u2019s exclusion laws aimed to prevent black\u2019s from settling here,\u201d Oregonian, February 9, 2014, www.oregonlive.com\/hillsboro\/index.ssf\/2014\/02\/black_history_month_oregons_ex.html.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Matt Novak, \u201cOregon Was Founded As A Racist Utopia,\u201d Gizmodo, January 21, 2015, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/gizmodo.com\/oregon-was-founded-as-a-racist-utopia-1539567040.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For Oregon demographics, see \u201cQuick Facts: Oregon,\u201d United States Census Bureau, www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/table\/PST045215\/41,00; for the United States as a whole, see \u201cQuick Facts: United States,\u201d United States Census Bureau, www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/table\/PST045215\/00. The figure rises to 88 percent (Oregon) and 77 percent (United States) when combined with those who identity as both white and Hispanic\/Latino.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lawrence J. Saalfeld, Forces of Prejudice in Oregon 1920\u20131925 (Portland: Archdiocesan Historical Commission, 1984), 2.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">David A. Horowitz, \u201cSocial Morality and Personal Revitalization: Oregon&#8217;s Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s,\u201d Oregon Historical Quarterly 90, no. 4 (Winter 1989): 369.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Eckard V. Toy, \u201cRobe and Gown: The Ku Klux Klan in Eugene, Oregon,\u201d in The Invisible Empire in the West: Towards a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s, ed. Shawn Lay (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 156.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For the story of the 1920s Klan movement in Oregon, see Saalfeld, Forces of Prejudice in Oregon 1920\u20131925.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Powell even returned to Oregon to work with the state chapter; see Neiwert, In God\u2019s Country, 45, 46.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Craig Collisson, \u201cJapanese American Wartime Incarceration in Oregon,\u201d Oregon Encyclopedia, www.oregonencyclopedia.org\/articles\/japanese_internment.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Levitas, The Terrorist Next Door, 115\u201316.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, 114\u201315, 447n30.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, 133.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, 133\u201334.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, 156.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, 154\u201367. See also Renee Struthers, \u201cOUT OF THE VAULT: Armed posse takes over Stanfield potato shed,\u201d East Oregonian, January 6, 2016, www.eastoregonian.com\/eo\/out-of-the-vault\/20160106\/out-of-the-vault-armed-posse-takes-over-stanfield-potato-shed.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Edith Decker, \u201cPreacher Roy Masters brought controversy, uproar to Josephine,\u201d Daily Courier (Grants Pass, OR), April 1, 2010, 3D, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/web.thedailycourier.com\/eedition\/2010\/04\/01\/Progress\/3.pdf.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Caitlin Dickson, \u201cThe Godfather of Right-Wing Radio,\u201d Daily Beast, November 23, 2014, www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2014\/11\/23\/the-godfather-of-right-wing-radio.html.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cConfirmed: WND Was Headquartered At Roy Masters\u2019 Ranch,\u201d ConWebBlog, May 1, 2012, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/conwebwatch.tripod.com\/blog\/index.blog\/2266001\/confirmed-wnd-was-headquartered-at-roy-masters-ranch.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">On the early history, see Stephen Most, River of Renewal: Myth and History on the Klamath Basin (Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press\/University of Washington Press, 2006), 192\u201396; Sarah Goodyear, \u201cRebellion in California,\u201d Daily News (New York), February 9, 2016, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/interactive.nydailynews.com\/2016\/02\/state-of-jefferson-secessionists-california-gun-totin-rebels;<\/span> Robert Crawford, S.L. Gardener, Jonathan Mozzochi, and R.L. Taylor, Northwest Imperative: Documenting a Decade of Hate (Portland, OR: Coalition for Human Dignity, 1994), 1.10.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ravleen Kaur,&#8221;The Mulugeta Seraw Murder: 25 Years Later,&#8221; <em>Willamette Week, <\/em>November 21, 2013,&nbsp;<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.wweek.com\/portland\/blog-30937-the_mulugeta_seraw_murder_25_years_later.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For the most complete account of this incident, see Elinor Langer, A Hundred Little Hitlers: The Death of a Black Man, the Trial of a White Racist, and the Rise of the Neo-Nazi Movement in America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2003).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Heidi Beirich, \u201cThe End of Volksfront?,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, November 20, 2013, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2013\/end-volksfront.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jonathan Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy in Oregon (Portland, OR: Coalition for Human Dignity, 1990).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">In 1975, Butler was in a Posse Comitatus group in Idaho. He signed on to Gale\u2019s 1984 Committee of States project, and Gale came to the Aryan Nations compound to promote it. Butler was also at the 1992 Estes Park, Colorado meeting. See Levitas, The Terrorist Next Door, 110, 131, 288, 289\u201390; David Neiwart, \u201c\u2018We Are At War\u2019: How Militias, Racists and Anti-Semites Found a Home in the Tea Party,\u201d AlterNet, November 21, 2010, www.alternet.org\/story\/148946\/%22we_are_at_war%22%3A_how_militias,_racists_and_anti-semites_found_a_home_in_the_tea_party.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For 1991 drive, see Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 1.18; for 1995, see Associated Press, \u201c1,500 Rally Against Aryan Recruiters White Supremacists Plan To Base Drive in Grants Pass,\u201d Spokesman-Review, February 26, 1995, www.spokesman.com\/stories\/1995\/feb\/26\/1500-rally-against-aryan-recruiters-white; for the 2010 attempt, see \u201cRural Oregon is a Hate Free Zone: Grant County Update,\u201d Rural Organizing Project, February 26, 2010, www.rop.org\/rural-oregon-is-a-hate-free-zone-grant-county-update.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Marc Ramirez, \u201cLon Mabon Sets \u2018Em Straight,\u201d Seattle Times, October 3, 1993, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/community.seattletimes.nwsource.com\/archive\/?date=19931003&amp;slug=1724056;<\/span> George T. Nicola, \u201cOregon Anti-Gay Ballot Measures,\u201d Gay &amp; Lesbian Archives of the Pacific Northwest, April 3, 2013, www.glapn.org\/6013OregonAntiGayMeasures.html; Voters\u2019 Pamphlet: State of Oregon General Election November 6, 1990, comp. by Barbara Roberts, (Salem, OR: State of Oregon, 1990), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/library.state.or.us\/repository\/2010\/201003011350161\/ORVPGenMari1990.pdf;<\/span> Joe Kidd, \u201cCity officials put gay issue on fall ballot,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard,&nbsp;July 27, 1993, C1, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=nkFWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=ZeoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2937,6191534.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For Wise Use, see Stephenie Hendricks, \u201cThe Perversion of \u2018Wise Use\u2019,\u201d Brooklyn Rail, May 9, 2006, www.brooklynrail.org\/2006\/05\/books\/the-perversion-of-wise-use; William Kevin Burke, \u201cThe Wise Use Movement: Right Wing Anti-Environmentalism,\u201d Political Research Associates, June 1993, www.publiceye.org\/magazine\/v07n2\/wiseuse.html.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The group was led by Robert Wangrud. See Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.36\u20132.37; Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy in Oregon, 25. A website with some the magazine\u2019s archives is at www.beholdonline.info. For more on Wangrud, see Zeskind, Blood and Politics, 81.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mark Pitcavage, \u201cPaper Terrorism\u2019s Forgotten Victims: The Use of Bogus Liens Against Private Individuals and Businesses,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, June 29, 1998, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/privlien.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Devin Burghart and Robert Crawford, Guns &amp; Gavels: Common Law Courts, Militias &amp; White Supremacy (Portland, OR: Coalition for Human Dignity, 1996), 14.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_31');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Peter Gillins, \u201cIRS to probe \u2018warehouse bank\u2019 customers,\u201d United Press International, October 25, 1985, www.upi.com\/Archives\/1985\/10\/25\/IRS-to-probe-warehouse-bank-customers\/3960499060800; Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy in Oregon, 22\u00ad\u201325.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Associated Press, \u201cFugitive tax protestor sentenced to year in prison,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard,&nbsp;October 6, 1996, 2C, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19961006&amp;id=KUxWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=HOsDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4220,1527402&amp;hl=en;<\/span> Heidi Beirich, \u201cMidwifing The Militias,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, March 2, 2010, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2010\/midwifing-militias.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.28\u20132.30.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPaper prints \u2018uncensored truth\u2019,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 12, 1996, 4B, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19960412&amp;id=UUdWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=6-oDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4019,2559151&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_35');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cRedemption\u201d is a financial scam created by Robert Elvick, who worked closely with William Potter Gale, the founder of Posse Comitatus. Redemption is based on the idea that the federal government has a secret bank account for each citizen; when we are born, a large amount of money is deposited in it, which the government uses as collateral. Sovereign Citizens hold that this money can be withdrawn\u2014essentially by passing fake checks, promissory notes, and sight drafts. The Sovereign Citizen concepts of the \u201cstraw man\u201d and \u201cflesh-and-blood person\u201d are based on this idea. See Mark Pitcavage, \u201cOld Wine, New Bottles: Paper Terrorism, Paper Scams, and Paper \u2018Redemption\u2019,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, November 9, 1999, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/redemption.html;<\/span> \u201cNew Multi-Million Dollar Scam Takes Off In Anti-Government Circles,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, December 18, 2002, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2002\/new-multi-million-dollar-scam-takes-antigovernment-circles.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_36');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_36\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">American\u2019s Bulletin, January\u2013February 2016, 12\u201313, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/americansbulletin.com\/published-archive.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_37');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_37\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.15. The banking operations of the MCBA and Christian Patriot Association were conducted under various names, including the American Freeman Association, National Currency Exchange, Natural Coin Exchange, and Horizon Sun Business Trust. See David Cay Johnston, \u201cIRS Arrests 6 in White Supremacist Group on Tax Charges,\u201d New York Times, November 17, 2000, www.nytimes.com\/2000\/11\/17\/business\/irs-arrests-6-in-white-supremacist-group-on-tax-charges.html.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_38');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_38\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Crawford, et al., Northwest Imperative, 2.13\u20132.15; see also Richard Hatch, \u201cThe Populist Action Committee,\u201d Political Research Associates, May 1993, www.publiceye.org\/racism\/popactcom.html.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_39');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_39\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Associated Press, \u201cIRS seizes Christian Patriot records,\u201d Lewiston Tribune, May 21, 1996, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/m.lmtribune.com\/mobile\/northwest\/article_63b1718d-8c54-5703-89b7-80b7fa6dcb37.html;<\/span> David Cay Johnston, \u201cIRS Arrests 6 in White Supremacist Group on Tax Charges,\u201d New York Times, November 17, 2000, www.nytimes.com\/2000\/11\/17\/business\/irs-arrests-6-in-white-supremacist-group-on-tax-charges.html; \u201cFederal Jury Convicts Oregon Extremists in Fraud Case,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, June 13, 2002, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/learn\/news\/convicts_or.html;<\/span> \u201cThree Defendants Imprisoned for Tax Fraud Conspiracy,\u201d United States Department of Justice, February 18, 2005, www.justice.gov\/archive\/tax\/txdv05070.htm.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_40');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_40\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jonathan B. Tucker, Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (Boston: MIT Press, 1994), 167.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_41');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_41\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Justus Township in Montana was an area that was declared to be under the control of the \u201cFreemen,\u201d who were Sovereign Citizens. When federal agents attempted to execute an arrest warrant, a standoff ensued, but ended peacefully after an 81 days. Associated Press, \u201cFreemen backers seek common law solution to conflict,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 4, 1996, 4C, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19960404&amp;id=Z0dWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=6-oDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3548,587895&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_42');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_42\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See \u201cEmbassy of Heaven Leader Evicted,\u201d Militia Watchdog: Neo-Militia News; Anti-Defamation League, last updated March 5, 1997, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/oldnews4.html;<\/span> Judy L. Thomas, \u201cInvestigation looks into whether Tiller shooting was part of conspiracy,\u201d Wichita Eagle, June 14, 2009, www.kansas.com\/news\/special-reports\/article1008046.html. The church\u2019s website is Embassy of Heaven, www.embassyofheaven.com.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_43');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_43\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOregon White Supremacist Sentenced For Role In Bank Robbery,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, November 25, 2003, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/learn\/news\/or_suprem_sentened.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_44');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_44\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rose City Antifa, \u201cPortland 9\/11 Truth Alliance Hosts Right-Wing Bomber Courtesy of Citybikes President, Tim Calvert,\u201d Libcom.org, September 29, 2012, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/libcom.org\/forums\/news\/portland-911-truth-alliance-hosts-right-wing-bomber-courtesy-citybikes-president-tim.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_45');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_45\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mozzochi, Organized White Supremacy In Oregon, 26.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_46');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_46\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Burghart and Crawford, Guns &amp; Gavels, 22, 23.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_47');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_47\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, 22; Lori Linzer and David Rosenberg, \u201cVigilante Justice: Militias and \u2018Common Law Courts\u2019 Wage War Against The Government,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, 1997, 42, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/adl-report-1997-vigilante-justice.pdf.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_48');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_48\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c2. Multomah County Common Law Court in Disarray\u201d [sic], Northwest Update, June 1, 1997, 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_49');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_49\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For founding, see \u201cAll About US-Observer,\u201d US~Observer, www.usobserver.com\/archive\/jan-11\/all-about-us-observer.html; for \u201cpremier\u201d quote, see Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c2. Multnomah County Common Law Court in Disarray,\u201d Northwest Update, 1; for effigy, see Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c5. Effigy-Hanging Patriot Sues State,\u201d Northwest Update, January 15, 1998, 2; for recall, see&nbsp;Chris Bristol, \u201cJudge speaks out against \u2018lunatic fringe\u2019,\u201d Mail Tribune (Medford, OR), May 13, 1999 (updated December 16, 2010), www.mailtribune.com\/article\/19990513\/News\/305139992.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_50');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_50\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Linzer and Rosenberg, \u201cVigilante Justice,\u201d 6, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/adl-report-1997-vigilante-justice.pdf.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_51');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_51\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cCalendar of Conspiracy: Volume 2, Number 1: A Chronology of Anti-Government Extremist Criminal Activity, January to March 1998,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, April 24, 1998, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/mwd\/cocv2n1.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_52');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_52\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c3. Oregon Sheriff Continues to Lean on Militia Members,\u201d Northwest Update, May 15, 1999, 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_53');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_53\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cBooks,\u201d The Voice of Freedom, October 29, 2008, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/products\/books; \u201cWebcast: The Voice of Freedom,\u201d The Voice of Freedom, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/webcast; \u201cIdaho Observer: Interview with Brent Johnson,\u201d Pro-Liberty Network, August 2004, www.proliberty.com\/observer\/20040810.htm; \u201cFreedom Bound International Address And Phone Number,\u201d Voice of Freedom, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/contact-us\/1-freedom-bound-international-mailing-address-and-phone-number; \u201cInternational Driver Permit,\u201d Voice of Freedom, January 1, 2007, www.freedomradio.us\/vof\/index.php\/products\/international-driver-permit.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_54');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_54\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201c2001 Extremist-Related Criminal Activities: Oregon,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/archive.adl.org\/learn\/criminal_activity\/or_jan_mar_01.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_55');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_55\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cChristian Patriots &amp; the Counter-Culture,\u201d Northwest Update, May 15, 1995, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/assets.documentcloud.org\/documents\/1602214\/larryprattg00010.txt;<\/span> Department of Justice, \u201cHawaii Man Arrested On Tax Fraud, Wire Fraud And Obstruction Charges,\u201d United States Department of Justice, May 19, 2005, www.justice.gov\/archive\/tax\/txdv05251.htm; Attorney\u2019s Office, District of Hawaii, \u201cPress Release,\u201d United States Department of Justice, May 30, 2006, www.justice.gov\/archive\/tax\/usaopress\/2006\/txdv06_0605vanhove.html; Johnny Liberty, The Global Sovereign\u2019s Handbook (Ashland, OR: Institute for Communication Resources, 2014), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/freedom-school.com\/books\/johnny-liberty-the-global-sovereign-handbook.pdf;<\/span> \u201cFreedom Catalog: The Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction,\u201d Global Source Center, www.icresource.com\/pages\/e-commerce\/freedom-catalog.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_56');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_56\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cThe Lawless Ones,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, 2012, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Lawless-Ones-2012-Edition-WEB-final.pdf; Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cEight Promoters of Sham Tax Elimination Scheme Convicted of Tax Fraud Charges in Florida,\u201d United States Department of Justice, March 31, 2010, www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/eight-promoters-sham-tax-elimination-scheme-convicted-tax-fraud-charges-florida; Sanne Specht, \u201cAshland man gets 7 years in prison,\u201d Mail Tribune (Medford, OR), September 21, 2010, www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20100921\/news\/9210315.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_57');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_57\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cThe Lawless Ones,\u201d Anti-Defamation League, 2012, www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Lawless-Ones-2012-Edition-WEB-final.pdf; see also Jessie Higgins, \u201cTurning the tables, DA gets \u2018served\u2019,\u201d World (Coos Bay, OR), October 28, 2011, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/theworldlink.com\/turning-the-tables-da-gets-served\/article_70352f20-0181-11e1-abe5-001cc4c03286.html.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_58');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_58\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Bill Morlin, \u201cSovereign Oregon Pastor and Wife Flee Sentencing Hearing On Income Tax Evasion Charges,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, April 26, 2015, www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2015\/04\/27\/sovereign-oregon-pastor-and-wife-flee-sentencing-hearing-income-tax-evasion-charges; Jack Moran, \u201cCoquille pastor, wife charged with filing false, vindictive liens,\u201d Bend Bulletin, November 25, 2015, www.bendbulletin.com\/localstate\/3735190-151\/coquille-pastor-wife-charged-with-filing-false-vindictive; Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cOregon Husband And Wife Plead Guilty to Crimes Relating to Filing False Retaliatory Liens Against Federal Judges and Other Federal Officials,\u201d United States Department of Justice, February 18, 2016, www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/oregon-husband-and-wife-plead-guilty-crimes-related-filing-false-retaliatory-liens-against.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_59');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_59\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPolice: Murder Suspect Gary Lewis in Custody,\u201d KOIN 6, June 12, 2014, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/koin.com\/2014\/06\/12\/police-murder-suspect-gary-lewis-in-custody;<\/span> Bill Morlin, \u201cSuspected \u2018Sovereign Citizen\u2019 Sought in Oregon Woman\u2019s Murder,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, June 11, 2014, www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2014\/06\/11\/suspected-sovereign-citizen-sought-oregon-womans-murder.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_60');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_60\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thomas Moriarty, \u201cThe Sovereign Among Us,\u201d Mail Tribune (Medford, OR), February 8, 2015, www.mailtribune.com\/article\/20150208\/news\/150209683.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_61');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_61\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, \u201cOregon Man Indicted for Failure to File Tax Returns,\u201d United States Department of Justice, December 9, 2015, www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/oregon-man-indicted-failure-file-tax-returns; \u201cWinston Shrout: The Rise and Fall of a Sovereign Citizen Guru,\u201d March 21, 2016, Access ADL, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/blog.adl.org\/extremism\/winston-shrout-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-sovereign-citizen-guru;<\/span> Anna Merlan, \u201cConspiracy Cruise Presenter Winston Shrout Indicted on Charges of Making Fake Financial Documents,\u201d Jezebel, March 17, 2016, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/jezebel.com\/conspiracy-cruise-presenter-winston-shrout-indicted-on-1765464325.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_62');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_62\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Coalition for Human Dignity, \u201c5. Southern Oregon Militia in the Spotlight,\u201d Northwest Update, June 1, 1997, 2.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_63');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_63\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>63<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carl Worden, Facebook posts, 2015 and 2016. Screenshots in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_64');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_64\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>64<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jim Redden, \u201cSleep Well Tonight: The Oregon Militia is on the March,\u201d PDXS, July 4\u201317, 1994, 3\u20134.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_65');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_65\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>65<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Associated Press, \u201cOregon militiamen say role is defensive,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 24, 1994, 5A, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19950424&amp;id=rvxQAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=7eoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2975,6163439&amp;hl=en;<\/span> Associated Press, \u201cOregon militia organizer fears spies, calls it quits,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard, April 30, 1995, 3B, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19950430&amp;id=ovxQAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=7eoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6750,7636593&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_66');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_66\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>66<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Associated Press, \u201cAnother Oregon militia quits in wake of bombing,\u201d Eugene Register-Guard,&nbsp;May 13, 1995, 3B, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=1310&amp;dat=19950513&amp;id=1ERWAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=7OoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4327,2892980&amp;hl=en;<\/span> see also Russell Miller, \u201cLocal militia formed to protect rights,\u201d Central Oregonian, November 15, 1994, front page. Image in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_67');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_67\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>67<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Associated Press, \u201cMan Ready To Fight Feds Over Land,\u201d Spokesman-Review, May 12, 1995, www.spokesman.com\/stories\/1995\/may\/12\/man-ready-to-fight-feds-over-land; Rob Eure, \u201cLand Grab,\u201d Oregonian, July 24, 1995, A1, www.oregonlive.com\/search\/Oregonian (newspaper archive, paid access only); Les Zaitz, \u201cProtester arrested in Burns, accused of driving stolen refuge vehicle,\u201d Oregonian\/OregonLive, January 16, 2016, www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/protester_arrested_in_burns_dr.html.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_68');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_68\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>68<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Associated Press, \u201cOregon Militia Ready To Declare War If Standoff Doesn\u2019t End Peacefully, Groups Says It Will Target Military,\u201d Spokesman-Review, May 10, 1996, www.spokesman.com\/stories\/1996\/may\/10\/oregon-militia-ready-to-declare-war-if-standoff.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_69');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_69\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>69<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Associated Press, \u201cEastern Oregon militia group supports Montana Freemen,\u201d Ellensburg Daily Record, April 4, 1996, 18, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?nid=860&amp;dat=19960404&amp;id=slhUAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=444DAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5302,1229556&amp;hl=en.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_70');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_70\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>70<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Most, River of Renewal, 49.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15850_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15850_1_71');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15850_1_71\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>71<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Most, River of Renewal, 230\u201343; Montana Human Rights Network News, \u201cSupporting Klamath Farmers Draws \u2018Patriot\u2019 Interest,\u201d Klamath Forest Alliance, September 2001, www.klamathforestalliance.org\/Archives\/newsarchives090101.html; Sheldon Rampton, \u201cFools Rush In: The Militia Movement and Klamath Falls,\u201d Klamath Forest Alliance, www.klamathforestalliance.org\/Organizational\/truthandjustice\/articles028.html; \u201cConflict in Klamath,\u201d Southern Poverty Law Center, November 29, 2001, www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2001\/conflict-klamath.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_15850_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15850_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15850_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_15850_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15850_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15850_1').text('+'); 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Despite its reputation as a liberal stronghold, the state has a long history of Hard Right politics\u2014including large grassroots movements. These include the racial exclusion laws the state was founded on; a large Ku Klux Klan presence; various Nazi and White supremacist groups; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15790,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-section-i.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15850","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15850","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15850"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15850\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16224,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15850\/revisions\/16224"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15850"}],"curies":[{"name":"WP","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}