{"id":15861,"date":"2016-09-29T12:40:54","date_gmt":"2016-09-29T19:40:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rop.org\/?page_id=8260"},"modified":"2020-12-30T22:16:26","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T22:16:26","slug":"key-groups","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/section-i\/oregons-patriot-movement-today\/key-groups\/","title":{"rendered":"\ud0a4 \uadf8\ub8f9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>National Liberty Alliance (National)<\/li><li>Continental Court System of the United States (Regional)<\/li><li>American Lands Council (National)<\/li><li>American Stewards of Liberty\/Stand &amp; Fight Club (National)<\/li><li>Coalition of Western States (Regional)<\/li><li>Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (National)<\/li><li>Association of O&amp;C Counties Lawsuit (State Lawsuit)<\/li><li>Forest Trust Lands Lawsuit (State Lawsuit)<\/li><li>The Constitution Party of Oregon (State)<\/li><li>Oregon Firearms Federation (State)<\/li><li>Oath Keepers: Oregon Chapters (National)<\/li><li>Oregon III% (State)<\/li><li>Pacific Patriots Network (Regional)<\/li><li>3% of Idaho (State)<\/li><li>The Liberators (State)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>National Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">National Liberty Alliance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The National Liberty Alliance is a Sovereign Citizen-style group that has been setting up a network of fake \u201ccommon law grand juries\u201d in all fifty states, and now are promoting Committees of Safety, the popular shadow governments favored by the movement. They claim not to be Sovereign Citizens but promote the same fake legal structures of that movement. Oregon\u2019s Robert Bristow, a National Liberty Alliance national coordinator, has spoken to the Columbia County Oath Keepers several times.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(1)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers -w\/Guest: Robert Bristow of NLA, Nov 29, 2014,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/218815958\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/218815958<\/a>; \u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers W\/ Robert Bristow NLA Nat. Coord., March 21, 2015,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220975254\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220975254<\/a>; \u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers Special Guest, NLA Nat. Coord. Robert Bristow, January 16, 2016,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/227874488\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/227874488<\/a>. Bristow lives in Scappoose in Columbia County, which is also the NLA\u2019s mailing address for its Oregon \u201cUnified State Common Law Grand Jury.\u201d See \u201cRobert Bristow,\u201d LinkedIn page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/robert-bristow-a05141110\">www.linkedin.com\/in\/robert-bristow-a05141110<\/a>; \u201cUnified State Common Law Grand Jury Mailing Addresses,\u201d <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/site-contact\">www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/site-contact<\/a>. For general information on the NLA, see \u201cNew Yorker Claims National Network of Pseudo-Legal Grand Juries,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, November 21, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2014\/new-yorker-claims-national-network-pseudo-legal-grand-juries.\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2014\/new-yorker-claims-national-network-pseudo-legal-grand-juries.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Oregon Oath Keepers website linked to National Liberty Alliance, which supported the Oath Keepers\u2019 call for armed members to go to Sugar Pine Mine. The Alliance interviewed Ammon Bundy a few days after the Malheur occupation started.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(2)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Links,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160111042238\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160111042238\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org<\/span><\/a>; \u201cOrego Sugar Pine Mine Offical Calls for Oath Keepers\u201d [sic], <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, April 22, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/orego-sugar-pine-mine-offical-calls-oath-keepers\">www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/orego-sugar-pine-mine-offical-calls-oath-keepers<\/a>; \u201cAmmon Bundy Interview with Gerard Aprea and Tanner Justis\u2014National Liberty Alliance,\u201d YouTube video, 16:58, posted by \u201cNational Liberty Alliance,\u201d January 6, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5lCHW3vaR1I\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5lCHW3vaR1I<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> It later made a series of legal filings in Oregon federal courts regarding both the Hammonds and the Malheur occupation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(3)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOregon\u2014Ground Zero,\u201d <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/nationallibertyalliance.org\/rico\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/nationallibertyalliance.org\/rico<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In May 2016, the National Liberty Alliance started promoting the formation of Committees of Safety under the group\u2019s banner, and in Oregon two contacts are listed, in Washington and Josephine Counties. One is Guenter Ambron, who promoted fake grand juries at a 2014 Josephine County community watch meeting attended by both the former and current county sheriffs, Gilbertson and Daniel<em>.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(4)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cCommittee of Safety Registry,\u201d <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/committee-safety-registry\">www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/committee-safety-registry<\/a>.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A slideshow on the National Liberty Alliance website, promoting the formation of these Committees, says they will help stop the New World Order, the supposed U.N. environmental conspiracy Agenda 21, federal Common Core education standards, \u201cmoral decline,\u201d FEMA camps, chemtrails, compulsory vaccinations, and Child Protective Services. It is noted that the historical committees forced the resignation of judges, and threatened to declare independence. The role of the Committees includes forming militias, cultivating relationships with the county sheriff, attending local government meetings to \u201cServe them with the Committee of Safety Resolutions\u201d and \u201cRequire their obedience to the <strong><u>Law of the Land<\/u><\/strong> (the Constitution).\u201d It also notes that, \u201cThe Committee of Safety may Petition the Common Law Grand Jury to resolve issues of \u2018bad behavior\u2019\u201d by local politicians.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(5)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> \u201cCommittees of Safety,\u201d YouTube video, 22:40, posted by \u201cNational Liberty Alliance,\u201d May 14, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oYwq_BV_mgI\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oYwq_BV_mgI<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"562\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-50.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows a list of 18 Committees on various perceived societal ills\" class=\"wp-image-16296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-50.jpg 562w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-50-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px\" \/><figcaption>The National Liberty Alliance promote Committees of Safety as an alternative to wide variety of perceived social ills. (Screenshot from the National Liberty Alliance YouTube video \u201cCommittees of Safety,\u201d www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oYwq_BV_mgI)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Regional Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Continental Court System of the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A number of figures involved in Sovereign Citizen-style politics have recently joined together to form the Continental Court System of the united States. These include former Josephine County Sheriff Gil Gilbertson, and several fake judges involved in the Malheur occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At least two fake grand juries\u2014Patriot movement kangaroo courts\u2014were planned or enacted in Harney County during the occupation. The first was inaugurated by self-proclaimed \u201cU.S. Superior Court Judge\u201d (there is no such title in the actual legal system) Bruce Doucette, a Colorado resident who came to the refuge around January 12, 2016, to set up a \u201ccitizens grand jury.\u201d Although he was there during the day (many people slept in town at night, apparently including Doucette), his \u201cgrand jury\u201d never received a public sanction by Ammon Bundy or the other occupation leaders, although apparently it was tolerated.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(6)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Betsy Hammond, \u201cSelf-appointed \u2018judge\u2019 arrives in Burns to ask local residents to charge government officials with crimes,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, January 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/self-appointed_judge_arrives_i.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/self-appointed_judge_arrives_i.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> On February 1, Doucette posted that his \u201cConstitutional Common Law Grand Jury\u201d was ordering militia members to \u201csearch for, locate, and arrest\u201d the law enforcement agents involved in the arrest when LaVoy Finicum was killed.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(7)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Originally posted on Facebook, February 1, 2016 (although now removed) at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/notes\/robert-lavoy-finicum\/common-law-grand-jury-orders-the-militia-to-arrest-the-criminals\/1006304712746352\">www.facebook.com\/notes\/robert-lavoy-finicum\/common-law-grand-jury-orders-the-militia-to-arrest-the-criminals\/1006304712746352<\/a>. Some copies of Douchette\u2019s \u201corder\u201d are online elsewhere, including at <em>The Straight Dope<\/em>, post #1913 by Jasg, February 1, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/boards.straightdope.com\/sdmb\/showthread.php?p=19065388\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/boards.straightdope.com\/sdmb\/showthread.php?p=19065388<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The occupiers did, however, ask self-proclaimed \u201cStatewide Common Law Grand Jury Administrator\u201d Joaquin Mariano DeMoreta-Folch to establish a \u201ccommon law grand jury.\u201d On January 23, 2016, Susan Hammond (wife and mother of the imprisoned Hammonds) signed one of DeMoreta-Folch\u2019s documents, and the next day the Committee\u2019s Briels did as well.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(8)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">This video shows him speaking at a Malheur occupation press conference: \u201cMichael Emry live in Burns Oregon 1\/23\/16,\u201d YouTube video, 24:39, posted by \u201cStarkHour Dotcom,\u201d January 23, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jebHBy5sJNw\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jebHBy5sJNw<\/a>. See also Kristian Foden-Vencil, \u201cArmed Occupiers Convene Common Law Grand Jury Against Local Officials,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-occupiers-common-law-grand-jury\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-occupiers-common-law-grand-jury<\/a>; John Sepulvado, \u201cHammond Family Signs On To &#8216;Citizens Grand Jury,\u2019\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 25 (updated January 26), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family\">www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family<\/a>; \u201cStatewide Common Law Grand Jury, Oregon\/Florida\/Nebraska\u201401-23-2016 Demand to Amend With No Delay In 40 Days,\u201d <em>\u201cWe the People,\u201d<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-23-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html\">www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-23-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html<\/a>; \u201cStatewide Common Law Grand Jury, Oregon\/Florida\/Nebraska\u201401-24-2016 Demand to Amend With No Delay In 40 Days,\u201d <em>\u201cWe the People,\u201d<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-24-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html\">www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-24-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> DeMoreta-Folch was originally associated with the National Liberty Alliance; however, Bristow publicly distanced the organization from DeMoreta-Folch, saying \u201che\u2019s too extreme for us.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(9)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Sepulvado, \u201cHammond Family Signs On To &#8216;Citizens Grand Jury\u2019,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 25 (updated January 26), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family\">www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other fake judges weighed in on the situation. A month before the occupation, self-proclaimed \u201cAlaska State Judge\u201d Anna von Reitz wrote an \u201cAn Open Letter to Sheriff Ward of Harney County Oregon.\u201d Hitting Sovereign Citizen talking points, she claimed that the IRS and the American Bar Association are part of privately owned, foreign corporations, and U.S. federal courts are their subcontractors. The federal employees who have insisted the Hammonds must complete their sentence \u201care private corporate employees of a franchise or subcontractor of the District of Columbia Municipal Corporation having no more authority than a floorwalker at JC PENNY.\u201d She told Ward he should convene a Common Law Grand Jury to decide the accusations against the Hammonds, and furthermore that he has the authority to demand their release if they are taken in federal custody. The letter was widely reproduced in Patriot movement circles. Patriot movement online broadcaster Pete Santilli read it on his show on December 1, 2015, and the YouTube video of this has received over 100,000 views.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(10)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAn Open Letter to Sheriff Ward of Harney County Oregon\u2014and to All County Sheriffs in America from Judge Anna,\u201d<em> This page is an index of the writings of Judge Anna von Reitz from Big Lake Alaska,<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/annavonreitz.com\/openlettertosheriffward.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/annavonreitz.com\/openlettertosheriffward.pdf<\/span><\/a>; \u201cHammond Ranch Update: Open Letter To Sheriff David Ward &amp; All Sheriffs In The United States,\u201d YouTube video, 26:27, posted by \u201cPete Santilli Show,\u201d December 1, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B3JqIceKh6I\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B3JqIceKh6I<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-51-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Patriot movement livestreamer Pete Santilli is talking to a member of the press.  In the background stands a sign saying &quot;Harney County Resource Center.&quot;\" class=\"wp-image-16298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-51-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-51-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-51-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-51.jpg 1202w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Patriot movement livestreamer Pete Santilli (right) at the Malheur occupation. (Photograph courtesy of Spencer Sunshine)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gary-dean: Darby\u2014the unusual spelling is common among Sovereign Citizens\u2014is a self-proclaimed \u201cConstitutional Judge.\u201d In early February 2016, he sent a letter to Oregon National Guard officials, and then called them on the phone, asking them deploy their troops to expel the \u201cforeign agents\/forces or FBI cloaked mercenaries (Blackwater)\u201d from Harney County. (He recorded the phone call and put it online.)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(11)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Letter from Judge Gary-dean: darby to Major Bomar, <em>Four Corners Doctrine<\/em>, February 5, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/fourcornersdoctrine.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/12\/second-letter-a.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fourcornersdoctrine.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/12\/second-letter-a.pdf<\/span><\/a>; \u201cJudge with Sworn Oath Contacts Military for Burns \u2018Life &amp; Property\u2019 Protection,\u201d <em>AVNetnews<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/avnetnews.net\/newsletters\/judge-with-sworn-oath-contacts-military-for-burns-protection\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/avnetnews.net\/newsletters\/judge-with-sworn-oath-contacts-military-for-burns-protection<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Strangely, the Guard ignored his request. Additionally, in recent months a new Sovereign Citizen-style legal expert, Lazaro Ecenarre (also spelled Lazare Ecenarro), has appeared at a rallies in Portland and speaking engagements, including in Baker City.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(12)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cLaz calls out corrupt co-conspirators,\u201d YouTube video, 11:28, posted by \u201cLeo Stratton,\u201d May 26, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=elumbshejGs\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=elumbshejGs<\/a>; \u201c\u2019EXCLUSIVE\u2019 LaVoy Finicim. Bundy&#8217;s, Hammonds complete story video 1,\u201d YouTube video, 10:54, posted by \u201cLeo Stratton,\u201d May 29, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=doVqKkyTQR0\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=doVqKkyTQR0<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"626\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-52.jpg\" alt=\"Image shows a poster advertising an event on May 28, 2016 where Lazare Ecenarro is slated to speak.\" class=\"wp-image-16299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-52.jpg 546w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-52-262x300.jpg 262w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><figcaption>Lazaro Ecenarro has made his name as a Sovereign Citizen-style speaker in Oregon after the Malheur occupation.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All of these fake judges\u2014Bruce Doucette, Anna von Reitz, Gary-dean: Darby, and Joaquin Mariano DeMoreta-Folch\u2014are now affiliated with each other in a new group, the Continental Court System of the united States, which has members in six states. In Oregon, two (actual) former county sheriffs are listed as \u201cContinental Marshals\u201d\u2014Gil Gilbertson (Josephine) and Robert Hudspeth (Wheeler). Two \u201cContinental Superior Court Judges\u201d are listed for the state, Darby and Mathisen (no first name given for the latter). The \u201cOregon Eastern Statewide Superior Court Grand Jury\u201d appears to consist of videos posted by DeMoreta-Folch, which address happenings in Harney County, and span from January to June 2016. Docuette is listed as a Colorado \u201cSuperior Court Judge,\u201d and Anna as an Alaska \u201cContinental Superior Court Judge.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(13)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The following are all from the <em>Continental Court System of the united States<\/em>: \u201cOregon Continental Marshals,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-continental-marshals\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-continental-marshals<\/span><\/a>; \u201cOregon Continental Superior Court Judges,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-judges\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-judges<\/span><\/a>; \u201cOregon Eastern Statewide Superior Court Grand Jury,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-state-superior-court\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-state-superior-court<\/span><\/a>; \u201cColorado Superior Court Judges,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/colorado\/colorado-superior-court-judges\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/colorado\/colorado-superior-court-judges<\/span><\/a>; \u201cAlaska Continental Superior Court Judges,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/alaska\/alaska-continental-superior-court-judges\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/alaska\/alaska-continental-superior-court-judges<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Also of interest is that the Continental Court System of the united States takes pains to separate itself from, and denounce the leadership of, the National Liberty Alliance.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(14)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOrganize your State\/County to be Constitutional,\u201d <em>Continental Court System of the united States<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/organizing-your-statecounty-to-be-constitutional\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/organizing-your-statecounty-to-be-constitutional<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>National Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">American Lands Council<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The American Lands Council is a national group, founded in 2012, that advocates for transferring public lands to the states. It was led by Utah State Representative Ken Ivory until February 2016, when he was replaced by Montana State Senator Jennifer Fielder. Both of them have ties to Patriot movement groups: Ivory has spoken to the CSPOA and signed one of their pledges, while Fielder is part of the Sanders Natural Resources Council ,an Idaho group that includes the founder of the Militia of Montana, John Trochmann.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(15)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joshua Zaffos, \u201cNew leader steps up for the American Lands Council,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, February 10, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/articles\/new-leader-steps-up-for-the-american-lands-council\">www.hcn.org\/articles\/new-leader-steps-up-for-the-american-lands-council<\/a>; Center for Western Priorities, <em>Going to Extremes: The Anti-Government Extremism Behind the Growing Movement to Seize America\u2019s Public Lands<\/em>, July 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/westernpriorities.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Extremism_July2016_final.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/westernpriorities.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Extremism_July2016_final.pdf<\/span><\/a>. Fielder and Trochmann are both in the Sanders Natural Resources Council; see \u201cRecycled County Supremacy Gains Traction, Lacks Legal Basis,\u201d <em>Montana Human Rights Network<\/em>, November 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\">www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN Report &#8211; Coordination.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Ivory has spoken in Oregon a number of times, and has ties to Oregon Hard Right movement figures like Baker County Commissioner Bill Harvey, while Fielder wrote an article approving of the goals of the Malheur occupation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(16)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jennifer Fielder, \u201cWhat\u2019s behind the standoff in Oregon,\u201d <em>Independent Record<\/em> (Helena, MT), January 31, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/helenair.com\/news\/opinion\/what-s-behind-standoff-in-oregon\/article_994c122a-2b69-585f-8c88-67ee76e7894a.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/helenair.com\/news\/opinion\/what-s-behind-standoff-in-oregon\/article_994c122a-2b69-585f-8c88-67ee76e7894a.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The American Lands Council has other ties in Oregon, as well. In 2014, two Oregon counties, Wallowa and Klamath, had memberships; today, the group no longer lists member counties publicly.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(17)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See interactive map: Tay Wiles, \u201cLand transfer battles rage on, county by county,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, July 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/articles\/battles-over-whether-to-support-the-american-lands-council-rage-on-county-by-county\">www.hcn.org\/articles\/battles-over-whether-to-support-the-american-lands-council-rage-on-county-by-county<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> State Representative Carl Wilson from District 3 (which represents part of Josephine county, including Grants Pass) is described by the <em>Oregonian<\/em> as an \u201cally\u201d of the group.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(18)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Sepulvado, \u201cHow Refuge Occupation Could Fuel Land Privatization Movement,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/how-refuge-occupation-could-fuel-land-privatization-movement\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/how-refuge-occupation-could-fuel-land-privatization-movement<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Wallowa County Commissioner and Fred Kelly Grant fan Paul Castilleja is a member of the group.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(19)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cVision,\u201d <em>American Lands Council<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanlandcouncil.org\/join.html\">www.americanlandcouncil.org\/join.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite some similarities in view, the American Lands Council did not have any direct role in the Malheur occupation. According to <em>High Country News<\/em>, in November 2015, LaVoy Finicum had \u201crallied southern Utah ranchers to take part in a \u2018Cowboy Uprising\u2019 by refusing to pay grazing fees, a la Cliven Bundy, and asked for militia support. His speech to them repeatedly invoked the American Lands Council.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(20)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Tay Wiles and Jonathan Thompson, \u201cAuthorities closing in on Oregon\u2019s Malheur occupation,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, January 27, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/articles\/malheur-occupiers-1-dead-7-arrested-finicum\">www.hcn.org\/articles\/malheur-occupiers-1-dead-7-arrested-finicum<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> But the future occupiers were moving far beyond the organization\u2019s reformist tactics. At the December 15, 2015 meeting where the Harney County Committee of Safety was formed, Ammon Bundy said the American Lands Council was legitimizing the federal government\u2019s claims by going into federal court in the first place. He said, \u201cI disagree with their position, because it\u2019s not Constitutional, although I\u2019m glad they\u2019re bringing the issue up, but we cannot allow ourselves to get sucked up into a federal court and expect to win. It will not happen.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(21)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cHarney County Town Hall #1 Dec 15, 2015,\u201d YouTube video, 58:56, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d December 16, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3qcr93G0InA\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3qcr93G0InA<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>National Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">American Stewards of Liberty\/Stand and Fight Club<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The best known groups promoting coordination asserting local parity with or supremacy over federal control of public lands are the American Stewards of Liberty and Fred Kelly Grant\u2019s Stand and Fight Club. The American Stewards of Liberty was founded in 2009 from the merger of American Land Foundation and Stewards of the Range. Grant was the president of Stewards of the Range, and then the American Stewards of Liberty.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(22)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAbout,\u201d <em>American Stewards of Liberty<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/about\">www.americanstewards.us\/about<\/a>; \u201cAbout Fred Kelly Grant,\u201d <em>Stand &amp; Fight Club<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite his claims to be deploying the law correctly, Grant has Patriot movement-style views about radical right decentralization. \u201cCounty governments hold the 10th Amendment in their hands,\u201d he has said. \u201cCounty governments and sheriffs together make an absolutely impenetrable wall.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(23)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cBaker County Press. Local: FAFA Banquet,\u201d <em>Historic Oregon Newspapers<\/em>, May 22, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Grant also promotes Agenda 21 conspiracy theories about the United Nations, claiming coordination will help fight them.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(24)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ryan Sabalow, \u201cFred Kelly Grant talks Agenda 21, \u2018coordination\u2019 with local activists,\u201d <em>Record Searchlight<\/em> (Boulevard Redding, CA), January 23, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html\">www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He has come to Oregon many times to speak, including in Josephine, Baker, and Grant Counties.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(25)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For Josephine, see \u201cFred Kelly Grant seminar on 10th amendment powers,\u201d <em>Southern Oregon Resource Alliance<\/em>, July 16, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/soranews.com\/2011\/07\/16\/fred-kelly-grant\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/soranews.com\/2011\/07\/16\/fred-kelly-grant<\/span><\/a><u>;<\/u> for Baker, see \u201cFred Kelly Grant Group: Coordination 101,\u201d <em>Forest Access For All<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf<\/span><\/a><u>.<\/u> See also flyer for Fred Kelly Grant talk on \u201cCoordination,\u201d November 28, 2015, John Day, Oregon; PDF in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In addition to his coordination work, he represents the miners from the White Hope Mine, where armed camps were established in 2015.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(26)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPress Release: Montana Miners Move Ahead With Lawsuit After Court Rules With Them As To No \u2018Fast Tracking For Early Settlement\u2019,\u201d <em>Pacific Patriots Network<\/em>, September 17, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/press_release_2015-09-17.php\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/press_release_2015-09-17.php<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Grant wrote a withering letter in defense of the Hammonds.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(27)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fred Kelly Grant, \u201cThe Unraveling of the Hammond Case: A Dishonest and a Corrupted System of Laws Victimizes the Hammond Family of Harney County, Oregon,\u201d <em>Free the Hammonds<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/freethehammonds.org\/resources\/Fred%20Grant%27s%20Opinion.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/freethehammonds.org\/resources\/Fred<\/span> Grant&#8217;s Opinion.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><sup>[xxvii]<\/sup> He was originally tapped as the lawyer for Jeanette Finicum, the widow of LaVoy Finicum who is planning to sue the government for wrongful death.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(28)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Kevin Jenkins, \u201cFinicum&#8217;s widow: Law enforcement \u2018spreading whitewash\u2019,\u201d<em> Spectrum<\/em>, March 9, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thespectrum.com\/story\/news\/2016\/03\/09\/finicums-widow-law-enforcement-spreading-whitewash\/81531856\">www.thespectrum.com\/story\/news\/2016\/03\/09\/finicums-widow-law-enforcement-spreading-whitewash\/81531856<\/a>. As of August 2016, the lawyer is Brian Claypool. See Kale Williams, \u201cLavoy Finicum&#8217;s widow announces plans to sue feds, state cops over husband&#8217;s death,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, August 27 (updated September 1), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/08\/lavoy_finicums_widow_announces.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/08\/lavoy_finicums_widow_announces.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"558\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-53.jpg\" alt=\"Baker County Commission Chair Bill Harvey thanks the American Stewards of Liberty for shaping county land use planning policy. Screenshot of a Facebook post.\" class=\"wp-image-16314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-53.jpg 558w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-53-300x141.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 558px) 100vw, 558px\" \/><figcaption>Baker County Commission Chair Bill Harvey thanks the American Stewards of Liberty for shaping county land use planning policy.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Regional Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coalition of Western States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Coalition of Western States (COWS) was formed directly after the 2014 Bundy ranch standoff. It claims to represent \u201cover 50 legislators, elected delegates and grassroots leaders\u201d in several western states, including Oregon; it focuses on federal land transfer. COWS members include Nevada State Assemblywoman Michelle Fiore, CSPOA founder and Oath Keepers board member Richard Mack, and Patriot movement propagandists Gavin Seim and KrisAnne Hall. COWS was the first signatory on the initial \u201cRedress of Grievance\u201d document before the occupation, and members made several trips to the occupied refuge. (One included Oregon State Representative Dallas Heard, although he claims he is not a member of COWS.) They met with law enforcement and attempted to get the federal authorities to compromise with the occupiers by agreeing to discussions about federal land transfer. They even sent a member into the occupation, who helped several occupiers flee the refuge after the police arrested or killed the leadership, and then COWS members helped negotiate the surrender of the final remaining occupiers.<sup>.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(29)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Sepulvado, \u201cGOP Politicians Planned And Participated In Key Aspects Of Refuge Occupation,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, March 16 (March 18), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/republican-gop-politicians-coalition-western-states\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/republican-gop-politicians-coalition-western-states<\/a>; Cheri Roberts, \u201cWill Feds Round-Up Bundy Co-Conspirator COWS or Leave them to Graze Without Penalty on the Public\u2019s Constitution?,\u201d <em>Challenging the Rhetoric<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/challengingtherhetoric.wordpress.com\/2016\/03\/17\/will-feds-round-up-bundy-co-conspirator-cows-or-leave-them-to-graze-without-penalty-on-the-publics-constitution\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/challengingtherhetoric.wordpress.com\/2016\/03\/17\/will-feds-round-up-bundy-co-conspirator-cows-or-leave-them-to-graze-without-penalty-on-the-publics-constitution<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>National Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA) appears to have a healthy following in Oregon. It was founded in 2010 former Arizona county Sheriff Richard Mack, who believes that county sheriffs have the power to decide which laws are constitutional, and therefore should be enforced. He is a frequent visitor to the state. In 2013, a number of Oregon sheriffs, including Glenn Palmer, Gil Gilbertson, and John Hanlin, sent CSPOA-initiated letters to Vice President Biden, saying they would not enforce new gun laws that were being discussed after the Sandy Hook school massacre. After the gun control law SB 941 was signed, the CSPOA listed 21 Oregon sheriffs as embracing the group\u2019s idea of constitutional principles. (Inclusion on the list did not mean that sheriffs were CSPOA members, however.)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(30)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">CSPOA, \u201cTOTAL SHERIFFS: 485,\u201d in \u201cGrowing List of Sheriffs, Associations and Police Chiefs Saying \u2018NO\u2019 to Obama Gun Control, original post February 1, 2014 (list updated July 6, 2015), <em>CSPOA.ORG<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150706092456\/http:\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150706092456\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Today, eleven are on the list\u2014although only six of them are currently in office, including Grant County\u2019s Glenn Palmer.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(31)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cGrowing List of Sheriffs Saying \u2018No\u2019 to Obama Gun Control,\u201d <em>Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association<\/em>, May 14, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights<\/span><\/a>. The county sheriffs listed who are currently in office are: Glenn E. Palmer (Grant), Craig Zanni (Coos), John Hanlin (Douglas), Pat Garrett (Washington), Daniel Staton (Multnomah), and Brian Wolfe (Malheur). The sheriffs that are listed but whom are no longer in office are: Gil Gilbertson (Josephine), Larry Blanton (Deschutes), Mike Winters (Jackson), Tim Mueller (Linn), and John Bishop (Curry).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Josephine County\u2019s Gil Gilbertson was defeated. Other Oregon county sheriffs, who were not on the list, have also used similar language about SB 941, including Tim Svenson (Yamhill), Bruce Riley (Linn), and John Ward (Curry).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(32)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAnother Sheriff Speaks Out Against Gun Control,\u201d YouTube video, 2:04, posted by \u201cLaughingAtLiberals,\u201d April 23, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HQ3-9Vrh5vI\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HQ3-9Vrh5vI<\/a>; Alex Paul, \u201cSheriff Riley opposes enhanced gun background checks,\u201d <em>Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em>, April 4, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/sheriff-riley-opposes-enhanced-gun-background-checks\/article_626e47d4-486d-5bff-9ae3-c4a7f73c3d14.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/sheriff-riley-opposes-enhanced-gun-background-checks\/article_626e47d4-486d-5bff-9ae3-c4a7f73c3d14.html<\/span><\/a>; Jane Stebbins, \u201cSheriff is no fan of gun sales measure,\u201d May 5, 2015, <em>Curry Coastal Pilot<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Sheriff-is-no-fan-of-gun-sales-measure\">www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Sheriff-is-no-fan-of-gun-sales-measure<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"621\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-55-1024x621.png\" alt=\"Map of Oregon counties showing which have Sheriffs who are members of the CSPOA.  It is about half the counties.\" class=\"wp-image-16313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-55-1024x621.png 1024w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-55-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-55-768x466.png 768w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-55.png 1067w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Oregon counties with sheriffs that appeared on the CSPOA&#8217;s &#8220;List of Oregon County Sheriffs Saying &#8216;No&#8217; to Obama Gun Control.&#8221; Sheriffs are not necessarily CSPOA members but the group says that they have made: &#8220;A reaffirmation that the sheriff will follow his or her jurisdiction.&#8221; <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(33)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">&#8220;Growing List of Sheriffs, Associations and Police Chiefs Saying &#8216;NO&#8217; to Obama Gun Control by CSPOA,&#8221; originally February 1, 2014, archived August 12, 2015, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150812112805\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Palmer, who in 2011 was listed as a CSPOA board member, from 2012 to 2015 was on the CSPOA Council of Sheriffs, Peace Officers and Public Officials, along with Gil Gilbertson.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(34)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Constitutional Sheriffs &amp; Peace Officers Association, \u201cStand Up for the 10th Amendment &amp; Attend the Constitutional Sheriffs Convention Jan 30!,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.countysheriffproject.org\/CSPOA_Invitation_Dec29.2011.pdf\">www.countysheriffproject.org\/CSPOA_Invitation_Dec29.2011.pdf<\/a>; \u201cCSPOA Board of Directors,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130528133735\/http:\/www.countysheriffproject.org\/index.php\/faq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130528133735\/www.countysheriffproject.org\/index.php\/faq<\/span><\/a>; CSPOA, \u201cThe Leadership\u2014CSPOA Council of Sheriffs, Peace Officers and Public Officials,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150820114146\/http:\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150820114146\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership<\/span><\/a> As of September 2015, the Council was replaced by a new, three-person Advisory Board, which did not include Gilbertson or Palmer: \u201cThe Leadership,\u201d <em>Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150908164214\/http:\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150908164214\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership<\/span><\/a> Until 2015, the CSPOA website included this long list of sheriffs and other law enforcement officers who, they say, have made both a \u201creaffirmation that the sheriff will follow his or her oath and uphold the Constitution,\u201d and an \u201caffirmation to support the constitutional second amendment rights of citizens in his or her jurisdiction.\u201d However, the site specified that not all of those listed were actual CSPOA members, and it was notoriously error-ridden. The list was removed from their website after the Malheur takeover, but was replaced in 2016, although it pads its numbers with sheriffs who are no longer in office.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In 2012, the CSPOA gave Palmer its \u201cSheriff of the Year\u201d award at their founding conference, where Gilbertson also spoke.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(35)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cSheriff Glenn Palmer: 2012 CSPOA Sheriff of the Year,\u201d YouTube video, 11:42, posted by \u201cCountySheriffProject.org Channel,\u201d February 10, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z_0Jm47Dyx8\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z_0Jm47Dyx8<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the original 21 sheriffs listed, Marion County\u2019s Jason Myers, was the president of the Oregon State Sheriffs\u2019 Association (OSSA) in 2015. He was replaced by Brian Wolfe in 2016\u2014who is on the current CSPOA list, and whose county borders Grant County, where Palmer is sheriff.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(36)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Bishop, email to author, June 4, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> It is worth noting that the OSSA received misconduct complaints against Palmer, and the organization issued a strongly worded statement condemning the Malheur occupation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(37)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sean Hart, \u201cState Sheriffs\u2019 Association Asked To Investigate Grant County Sheriff&#8217;s Conduct,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, February 9, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/state-sheriffs-association-asked-to-investigate-grant-county-sheriffs-conduct\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/state-sheriffs-association-asked-to-investigate-grant-county-sheriffs-conduct<\/a>; \u201cResponse to Questions Regarding the Oregon Office of Sheriff,\u201d <em>Oregon State Sheriffs\u2019 Association<\/em>, February 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonsheriffs.org\/news\/response-to-questions-regarding-the-oregon-office-of-sheriff\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonsheriffs.org\/news\/response-to-questions-regarding-the-oregon-office-of-sheriff<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Clearly, just because a sheriff appears in the CSPOA list or has engaged in some movement activities, such as writing a letter to Biden or even meeting with local Patriot movement activists, it does not mean that they necessarily will support the larger aims of the different Patriot movement factions\u2014or other sheriffs who do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Douglas County Sheriff John Hanlin\u2019s office has views similar to those of a constitutional sheriff. Hanlin achieved national notoriety after the mass shooting on October 1, 2015 at Umpqua Community College (UCC) in Roseburg, Oregon. A student murdered nine people and then committed suicide. Hanlin was already on the CSPOA\u2019s list of sheriffs who had sent a letter to Vice President Biden, vowing to refuse to endorse gun laws they considered to be unconstitutional. (However, Hanlin\u2019s office says he is not a CSPOA member.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(38)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Douglas County Sheriff\u2019s Office, email to author, May 24, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>) The letter was a response to possible executive orders regarding gun restrictions after the December 2012 Sandy Hook massacre; but after the Umpqua Community College massacre, it was made public that Hanlin had posted a video claiming that the Sandy Hook massacre was a hoax, as well as 9\/11 conspiracy material.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(39)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Mackey, \u201cOregon Sheriff Shared Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theory on Facebook,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, October 2, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/10\/03\/us\/oregon-sheriff-shared-sandy-hook-conspiracy-theory-on-facebook.html\">www.nytimes.com\/2015\/10\/03\/us\/oregon-sheriff-shared-sandy-hook-conspiracy-theory-on-facebook.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence called for Hanlin\u2019s resignation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(40)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cBrady Campaign Calls for Immediate Resignation of Douglas County Sheriff John Hanlin,\u201d <em>Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence<\/em>, October 4, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bradycampaign.org\/press-room\/brady-campaign-calls-for-immediate-resignation-of-douglas-county-sheriff-john-hanlin\">www.bradycampaign.org\/press-room\/brady-campaign-calls-for-immediate-resignation-of-douglas-county-sheriff-john-hanlin<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> He is up for reelection in November 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"619\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-54.jpg\" alt=\"A meme shared on Facebook in which Douglas County Sheriff John Hanlin claims President Obama wants to ban gun ownership, and compares him to Hitler, Stalin, and Pol Pot.\" class=\"wp-image-16309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-54.jpg 619w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-54-300x213.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px\" \/><figcaption>Douglas County Sheriff John Hanlin claims President Obama wants to ban gun ownership, and compares him to Hitler, Stalin, and Pol Pot.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>State Lawsuits<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Association of O&amp;C Counties and Forest Trust Lands Lawsuits<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Association of O&amp;C Counties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Association of O&amp;C Counties (AOCC) represents all but one of the 18 Oregon counties with O&amp;C Lands. These lands\u2014originally belonging to the Oregon &amp; California Railroad, but transferred to the federal government in 1916\u2014include over 2.5 million acres of forests in western Oregon.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(41)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BLM, \u201cResource Management Plans (RMPs) for Western Oregon,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon\/\">www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon.<\/a> The 18 counties are Benton, Clackamas, Columbia, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Klamath, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill; Benton is not part of the AOCC. See also Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em> (Corvallis, OR), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Douglas, Josephine, Jackson, and Lane counties all have over 350,000 acres of O&amp;C lands in them.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(42)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPublic Land Statistics 2015,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management,<\/em> May 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/public_land_statistics\/pls15\/pls2015.pdf\">www.blm.gov\/public_land_statistics\/pls15\/pls2015.pdf<\/a>, Table 1-5, page 26 in the PDF itself.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The AOCC have announced plans to sue the Bureau of Land Management over its new proposed Resource Management Plan\u2014the first time the 1994 Northwest Forest Plan will be updated. The AOCC argue that the Bureau of Land Management is obligated to log a certain amount of land, which will result in revenues to the counties.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_43');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_43');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(43)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a>. See also Sarah Gilman, \u201cBLM moves away from landmark Northwest Forest Plan,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, July 25, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.12\/blm-moves-away-from-landmark-northwest-forest-plan\">www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.12\/blm-moves-away-from-landmark-northwest-forest-plan<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The AOCC wants at least 500 million board feet cut per year\u2014far more than Bureau of Land Management\u2019s proposed plan of 278 million.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_44');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(44)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a>; Jane Stebbins, \u201cSuit Seeks Federal Funds for Counties,\u201d February 16, 2016, <em>Curry Coastal Pilot<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Suit-seeks-federal-funds-for-counties\">www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Suit-seeks-federal-funds-for-counties<\/a>. Article is now offline; copy in possession of author.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The Bureau of Land Management signed the Resource Management Plan Record of Decision on August 5, 2016.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(45)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cResource Management Plans (RMPs) for Western Oregon,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon\">www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon<\/a>.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> By August 15, the AOCC and a wood industry trade group, well as a number of environmental groups, and had filed suit.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(46)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Karina Brown, \u201cMultiple Lawsuits Over Update to OR Forest Plan,\u201d <em>Courthouse News<\/em>, August 8, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/08\/08\/multiple-lawsuits-over-update-to-or-forest-plan.htm\">www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/08\/08\/multiple-lawsuits-over-update-to-or-forest-plan.htm<\/a>. The environmental groups include Western Environmental Law Center, Earthjustice, Pacific Rivers, Cascadia Wildlands, Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center, OR Wild, and the Wilderness Society. See \u201cPress Release: Stakeholder Groups Challenge Oregon Forest Management Plan,\u201d <em>Your BLM Backyard Forests<\/em>, August 9, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blmbackyardforests.org\/#!Press-Release-Stakeholder-Groups-Challenge-Oregon-Forest-Management-Plan\/e0hm8\/57aa27490cf2fdb0f74e5f0b\">www.blmbackyardforests.org\/ &#8211; !Press-Release-Stakeholder-Groups-Challenge-Oregon-Forest-Management-Plan\/e0hm8\/57aa27490cf2fdb0f74e5f0b<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A number of Oregon counties have agreed to help fund the AOCC lawsuit, including Lane ($84,000), Linn ($24,000), and Curry ($20,000).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(47)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a>; Curry County Commissioner Susan Brown, telephone conversation with author, September 2, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The plan is also supported by the Oregon State Sheriffs&#8217; Association, who blame financial crises in rural counties on the decline of O&amp;C funding.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(48)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Some counties had relied on O&amp;C funding for their coffers and had extremely low property taxes. Those\u2014Josephine in particular\u2014that have not raised property taxes (or secured revenue in another manner) after the decline in both O&amp;C and Save Rural Schools funding, have had budget crises that have affected county law enforcement. Karina Brown, \u201cOregon Logging Plan Roundly Criticized,\u201d May 23, 2016, <em>Courthouse News<\/em>,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/05\/23\/oregon-logging-plan-roundly-criticized.htm\"> www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/05\/23\/oregon-logging-plan-roundly-criticized.htm<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Forest Trust Lands Lawsuit<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a second lawsuit from Oregon counties over forest revenues unrelated to AOCC. Linn County is leading a 15-county class action lawsuit over claims that Oregon officials failed to generate enough timber revenue on Forest Trust Lands.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(49)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jolene Guzman, \u201cLinn County Files Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Polk County Itemizer-Observer<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit\/\">www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit<\/a>; Denis C. Theriault , \u201cLinn County plans $1.4 billion lawsuit over Oregon logging rules,\u201d <em>OregonLive\/Oregonian<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html<\/a>.<br><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The $1.4 billion lawsuit was announced in January 2016 during the Malheur occupation, and filed in March. It names Oregon Governor Kate Brown and the State Forester Doug Decker.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(50)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The counties are Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Douglas, Josephine, Klamath, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Polk, Tillamook, and Washington. Denis C. Theriault, \u201cLinn County plans $1.4 billion lawsuit over Oregon logging rules,\u201d <em>OregonLive\/Oregonian<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html<\/a>; Jolene Guzman, \u201cLinn County Files Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Polk County Itemizer-Observer<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit\/\">www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit<\/a>; Alex Paul, \u201cLinn County\u2019s $1.4 Billion Dollar Lawsuit Many Years in the Making,\u201d <em>Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em>, January 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/linn-county-s-billion-class-action-lawsuit-many-years-in\/article_16aa736e-7fed-5e89-9565-62b898b13452.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/linn-county-s-billion-class-action-lawsuit-many-years-in\/article_16aa736e-7fed-5e89-9565-62b898b13452.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> It differs from the AOCC lawsuit in that it targets the state and not the federal government, and seeks direct payments to the counties rather than an increase in logging. The lawsuit contends that a 1998 management plan, which took a variety of environmental factors into consideration, resulted in reduced harvests to the tune of $35 million per year. The <em>Polk County Itemizer-Observer <\/em>has written that, \u201cAccording to the suit, the state\u2019s responsibility upon taking the land was to manage them in a way that maximizes the revenues going to counties.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_51');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_51');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(51)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_51\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jolene Guzman, \u201cLinn County Files Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Polk County Itemizer-Observer,<\/em> March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit\/\">www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Environmental groups are challenging the suit.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(52)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alex Paul, \u201cState, Environmental Groups Seek Dismissal of Linn County Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em>, May 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/state-environmental-groups-seek-dismissal-of-linn-county-timber-lawsuit\/article_2880d648-5a5f-54a4-9863-15449f6a5b20.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/state-environmental-groups-seek-dismissal-of-linn-county-timber-lawsuit\/article_2880d648-5a5f-54a4-9863-15449f6a5b20.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>State Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Constitution Party of Oregon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">In the 1990s, militias did not just attract electoral party support from Republicans; they were also involved with the small, Hard Right theocratic U.S. Taxpayers Party. In the mid-1990s, one prominent member, Reverend Matthew Trewhella of Wisconsin, advocated forming church-based militias. In 2000 the group renamed itself the Constitution Party.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_53');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_53');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_53\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(53)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_53\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Stern, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">A Force Upon the Plain,<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> 240\u201341; Fred Clarkson, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Eternal Hostility: The Struggle Between Theocracy and Democracy<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1997), 118\u201319, 152\u201353, 160; Montana Human Rights Network, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">The Constitution Party of Montana: The Radical Right Wing\u2019s Collision with Mainstream Politics<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, third edition, 2009 (originally 2000), 9\u201313, 63\u201364, <\/span><a style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/CPOM%20Updated%20report.pdf\">www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/CPOM Updated report.pdf<\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_53').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_53', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><br>The Constitution Party of Oregon was affiliated with the party\u2019s national organization until 2006, although it has the option to place the national party\u2019s candidate on the ballot, which it did in 2008. In 2013 the Constitution Party of Oregon became part of the National Alliance of Independent American Parties.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_54');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_54');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_54\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(54)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_54\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jack Alan Brown Jr, email to Political Research Associates, April 16, 2016; \u201cImmediate Release to Media,\u201d <em>The Constitution Party of Oregon<\/em>, September 6, 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/state_party_releases.htm\">www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/state_party_releases.htm<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_54').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_54', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The Alliance includes the Nevada state Independent American Party, which Cliven Bundy joined after the Republican leadership dumped him for making racist comments.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_55');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_55');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_55\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(55)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_55\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Morgan Whitaker, \u201cCliven Bundy is leaving the Republican Party,\u201d <em>MSNBC<\/em>, May 27, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.msnbc.com\/politicsnation\/cliven-bundy-leaves-the-gop\">www.msnbc.com\/politicsnation\/cliven-bundy-leaves-the-gop<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_55').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_55', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (A rift in the Utah state Constitution Party happened after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which many party members are involved in, denounced the Malheur occupation.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_56');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_56');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_56\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(56)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_56\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Judy Fahys, \u201cOregon Occupation Creates Rift In Utah Political Party,\u201d <em>KUER 90.1 NPR Utah<\/em>, January 6, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/kuer.org\/post\/oregon-occupation-creates-rift-utah-political-party#stream\/0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/kuer.org\/post\/oregon-occupation-creates-rift-utah-political-party<\/span> &#8211; stream\/0<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_56').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_56', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"497\" height=\"478\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-56.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot of a meme posted on Facebook by the Constitution Party of Oregon, in which they demonize the Black Lives Matter movement while falsely claiming that the Patriot movement is treated more harshly.\" class=\"wp-image-16307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-56.jpg 497w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-56-300x289.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px\" \/><figcaption>The Constitution Party of Oregon demonizes the Black Lives Matter movement while falsely claiming that the Patriot movement is treated more harshly.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Constitution Party of Oregon platform calls for the transfer of federal public lands, the right of the county sheriff to interpret the Constitution, and for taxes to be paid in gold or silver. During the occupation, the party called for the Malheur Refuge to be transferred out of federal hands.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_57');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_57');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_57\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(57)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_57\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPlatform of the Constitution Party of Oregon,\u201d <em>The Constitution Party of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/platform_of_the_constitution_par.htm;\">www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/platform_of_the_constitution_par.htm;<\/a> \u201cIAP Releases Statement Concerning Bundy Occupation,\u201d <em>Independent American Party<\/em>, January 21, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.independentamericanparty.org\/2016\/01\/iap-releases-statement-concerning-bundy-occupation\">www.independentamericanparty.org\/2016\/01\/iap-releases-statement-concerning-bundy-occupation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_57').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_57', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Oregon III% Vice President Jeff Roberts said he \u201cgathered hundreds of signatures at gun shows and malls to establish the Constitution Party of Oregon.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_58');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_58');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_58\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(58)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_58\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jeff Roberts, Facebook post, April 22, 2015, screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_58').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_58', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> For the November 2016 election, the Constitution Party of Oregon\u2019s gubernatorial candidate is Aaron Auer. They are also running candidates for two U.S. representative seats, the Oregon Secretary of State, and for Josephine County clerk.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_59');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_59');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_59\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(59)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_59\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOregon Candidates 2016,\u201d <em>The Constitution Party of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/constitutionpartyoregon.net\/constitution_party_candidates_2016.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/constitutionpartyoregon.net\/constitution_party_candidates_2016.htm<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_59').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_59', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Auer ran for Oregon governor in 2014 and received 15,929 votes.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_60');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_60');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_60\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(60)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_60\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Oregon Secretary of State, \u201cNovember 4, 2014, General Election, Official Abstract of Votes,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_60').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_60', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>State Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oregon Firearms Federation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Patriot movement, going back to Posse Comitatus in the 1970s, has frequently been tied to gun rights groups. In Oregon today this is no exception, and the group most closely tied to movement is the Oregon Firearms Federation (OFF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OFF was founded with the help of the Gun Owners of America (GOA), one of the biggest of the gun rights groups to the right of the National Rifle Association.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_61');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_61');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_61\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(61)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_61\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cWho We Are,\u201d <em>Oregon Firearms Federation<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonfirearms.org\/who-we-are\">www.oregonfirearms.org\/who-we-are<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_61').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_61', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> GOA\u2019s former director Larry Pratt was a pivotal figure in launching the 1990s militia movement, and he helped move it out of organized racist circles by building bridges to theocratic Christian groups and guns rights activists. In fact, Pratt himself has had no qualms appearing alongside open racist leaders, which he did at the 1992 Estes Park meeting alongside White separatist leaders. The CSPOA and Oath Keepers\u2019 Richard Mack was a lobbyist for GOA, and Pratt in turn spoke at the 2012, 2013, and 2014 CSPOA conferences.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_62');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_62');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_62\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(62)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_62\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cProfiles on the Right: Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association,\u201d <em>Political Research Associates<\/em>, November 22, 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politicalresearch.org\/2013\/11\/22\/profiles-on-the-right-constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association\">www.politicalresearch.org\/2013\/11\/22\/profiles-on-the-right-constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association<\/a>; Rachel Tabachnick, \u201cProfile on the Right: Oath Keepers,\u201d <em>Political Research Associates<\/em>, April 23, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politicalresearch.org\/2015\/04\/23\/profile-on-the-right-oathkeepers\">www.politicalresearch.org\/2015\/04\/23\/profile-on-the-right-oathkeepers<\/a>; \u201cConstitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association Constitution Day Press Conference,\u201d September 17, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.press.org\/events\/constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association-constitution-day-press-conference\">www.press.org\/events\/constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association-constitution-day-press-conference<\/a><u>; <\/u>Larry Pratt, \u201cSheriffs to the Rescue,\u201d <em>Gun Owners of America<\/em>, February 9, 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/pstramer.wordpress.com\/category\/larry-pratt\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pstramer.wordpress.com\/category\/larry-pratt\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_62').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_62', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OFF is led by Kevin Starrett, the brother of Mary Starrett, current Yamhill County Commissioner and former Constitution Party of Oregon gubernatorial candidate. They were both slated to speak at the February 30, 2015 anti-SB 941 rally in Salem, alongside a host of other Patriot movement activists. Kevin Starrett also spoke at the May 2015 anti-SB 941 rally in Salem.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_63');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_63');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_63\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(63)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_63\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cKevin Starrett\u2014\u2018I will not comply!\u2019 SB 941 Protest,\u201d YouTube video, 2:46, posted by \u201cS. Thomas Lewis,\u201d June 1, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OHUlO7KxZm4\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OHUlO7KxZm4<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_63').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_63', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In its typical hyperbolic rhetoric, OFF said SB 941, which they strongly campaigned against, \u201ceviscerates due process and turns Oregon into a Soviet style collection of secret snitches!\u201d The national Oath Keepers\u2019 website cited this claim approvingly.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_64');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_64');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_64\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(64)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_64\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">David Codrea, \u201c\u2018Most Dangerous\u2019 Oregon Gun Bill Creates New Threat to Freedom,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, January 18, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/most-dangerous-oregon-gun-bill-creates-new-threat-to-freedom\">www.oathkeepers.org\/most-dangerous-oregon-gun-bill-creates-new-threat-to-freedom<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_64').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_64', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In 2004, Kevin Starrett had also addressed the Constitution Party\u2019s national convention, held in Clackamas, Oregon.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_65');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_65');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_65\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(65)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_65\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bob Moser, \u201cConstitution Party Hopes to Take Politics to the Extreme in 2004,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, November 12, 2003, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2003\/constitution-party-hopes-take-politics-extreme-2004\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2003\/constitution-party-hopes-take-politics-extreme-2004<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_65').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_65', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OFF\u2019s website was linked to on the main Oregon Oath Keepers website, and one local activist, Chris Brumbles, is the Columbia County coordinator for both OFF and the Oath Keepers.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_66');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_66');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_66\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(66)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_66\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chris Brumbles, \u201cOpen letter to Oregon Rep. Jeff Barker, D-Aloha\u201d (letter to the editor), <em>South County Spotlight<\/em>, February 26, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/scs\/84-opinion\/295363-171855-letters\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/scs\/84-opinion\/295363-171855-letters<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_66').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_66', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> OFF\u2019s May 2016 call for donations for embattled Grant County Sheriff Glenn Palmer was reproduced on the national Oath Keepers website, and the organization\u2019s PAC donated $5,000 to him.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_67');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_67');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_67\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(67)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_67\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cTell The Sheriff You Have His Six.,\u201d <em>Oregon Firearms Federation<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonfirearms.org\/tell-the-sheriff-you-have-his-six\">www.oregonfirearms.org\/tell-the-sheriff-you-have-his-six<\/a>; \u201cSheriff Glenn Palmer Under Attack,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, May 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/sheriff-glenn-palmer-under-attack\">www.oathkeepers.org\/sheriff-glenn-palmer-under-attack<\/a>; Les Zaitz, \u201cGrant County sheriff builds $20,000 defense fund through outside donors,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, July 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/07\/grant_county_sheriff_builds_20.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/07\/grant_county_sheriff_builds_20.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_67').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_67', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>National Group\u2014Pacific Patriots Network<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oath Keepers\u2014Oregon chapters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oath Keepers chapters have been active in Oregon since the national organization was founded in 2009.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_68');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_68');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_68\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(68)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_68\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cActive \u2018Patriot\u2019 Groups in the United States in 2009,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, March 1, 2010, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2010\/active-patriot-groups-united-states-2009\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2010\/active-patriot-groups-united-states-2009<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_68').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_68', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> However, most chapters seem to have been established since 2014 in the wake of the events at Bundy Ranch. Oregon Oath Keepers came to the December 2014 gun rights rally in Washington state, where then Oregon Oath Keepers Coordinator Jeff Ford spoke.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_69');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_69');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_69\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(69)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_69\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cWe Will Not Comply &#8211; Come and Take Them\u2014Part 4 of 4,\u201d YouTube video, 37:49, posted by \u201cRealEstateinMoto,\u201d December 17, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LGrh7FvKxrg&amp;noredirect=1\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LGrh7FvKxrg&amp;noredirect=1<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_69').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_69', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> They were also involved in both the February and May 2015 anti-SB 941 Salem rallies, and the Josephine County chapter was the main organizer of the Sugar Pine Mine action. However, as of August 2016, the organization seems to be losing its position in Oregon, with the disaffiliation of its most prominent group, the Oath Keepers of Josephine County.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From late 2013 to late 2014, Jeff Ford was the Northern Oregon Coordinator and Tom McKirgan was Southern Oregon Coordinator; Ford then became the sole state coordinator until after the May rally.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_70');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_70');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_70\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(70)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_70\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">In October 2013, Ford (then described as a \u201crecent transplant from California\u201d) and McKirgan were described as the Northern and Southern Oregon Oath Keepers\u2019 leaders, respectively. See Volubrjotr, \u201cOath Keepers Unite With P.A.N.D.A. To Stop McCain\u2019s NDAA In Oregon: Rotate Honor Guards To Ensure WWII Veterans\u2019 Access To Memorial,\u201d <em>Political Vel Craft<\/em>, October 16, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/politicalvelcraft.org\/2013\/10\/16\/oath-keepers-unite-with-p-a-n-d-a-to-stop-mccains-ndaa-in-oregon-rotate-honor-guards-to-ensure-wwii-veterans-access-to-memorial\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/politicalvelcraft.org\/2013\/10\/16\/oath-keepers-unite-with-p-a-n-d-a-to-stop-mccains-ndaa-in-oregon-rotate-honor-guards-to-ensure-wwii-veterans-access-to-memorial<\/span><\/a>. In April 2015, Ford is referred to as the sole state Coordinator (as well as a member of the Oath Keepers National Board); see \u201cCalling all Oath Keepers to help with Security at the Sugar Pine Mine, April 17, 2015,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/221921869\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/221921869<\/a>.Today, McKirgan is part of Oregon III%, and is the leader of Zone 4 (Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Coos, and Curry counties). He is also one of the two national administrators of the \u201c3%ERS\u201d Facebook group, which has over 24,000 members (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/THE3PERCENTERS\/admins\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/THE3PERCENTERS\/admins<\/a>). Facebook post, August 2016, screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_70').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_70', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (Currently the Oregon coordinator position is listed as \u201cTBA.\u201d)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_71');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_71');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_71\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(71)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_71\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/Oregon\">www.oathkeepers.org\/Oregon<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_71').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_71', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Brandon Rapolla is the state Community Preparedness Team coordinator. He is also the leader of Oregon Tactical, a founder of Pacific Patriots Network, and was part of the Sugar Pine Mine camps, Bundy Ranch standoff, and was in Burns, Oregon.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_72');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_72');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_72\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(72)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_72\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For CPT leader, see Stewart Rhodes, \u201cHistoric \u2018Militia\u2019 Moment: Pacific Patriot Network (Including Oath Keepers) Calls On FBI,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, January 10, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/9435-2\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/9435-2<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/9435-2\/\">; for Sugar Pine Mine and Bundy Ranch, see<\/a> James Pogue, \u201cThe Oath Keepers Are Ready for War with the Federal Government,\u201d<em> VICE<\/em>, September 14, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vice.com\/read\/miner-threat-0000747-v22n9\">www.vice.com\/read\/miner-threat-0000747-v22n9<\/a>; for Rapolla at Bundy Ranch with weapons, see \u201cBundy Ranch, III%, Militia, Independence,\u201d YouTube video, 7:19, posted by \u201cBrandon Rapolla,\u201d July 4, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8vXYAJPrp-I\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8vXYAJPrp-I<\/a>. Rice confirmed with me that Rapolla was a Pacific Patriots Network founder; Joseph Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_72').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_72', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The state Oath Keepers took most of its public communications offline around the time of the Sugar Pine Mine encampments; their Facebook group has only been updated once since June 2015, and the sparse website (which went offline in May 2016) does not list staff or even local chapters.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_73');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_73');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_73\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(73)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_73\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org<\/span><\/a>. The last capture on archive.org was April 30, 2016, and the website is presently offline. There is only one post on their Facebook page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/OathKeepersofOregon\">www.facebook.com\/OathKeepersofOregon<\/a>, between June 2015 and July 2016.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_73').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_73', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> All of this is a rather odd public face for an organization that takes great pains to claim not to be a clandestine paramilitary. With the disaffiliation of the Josephine County chapter &nbsp;in August 2016, there is only one public website in the state, run by the Baker County chapter.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_74');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_74');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_74\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(74)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_74\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See <em>Baker County Solutions<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/bakercountysolutions.wordpress.com\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bakercountysolutions.wordpress.com<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_74').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_74', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Oath Keepers have chapters around state, generally organized by county. Chapters that announced meetings in 2015 or 2016 include Josephine; Central Oregon (including Crook); Douglas; Baker; Linn and Benton; Marion, Polk, and Yamhill; Washington; Columbia; Lane; Malheur; and Klamath. (Chapters that held public meetings in 2014 or earlier include Jackson; Deschutes, Union, Coos, Curry, and Clackamas, and city chapters in Salem and Portland and\/or Gresham.)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_75');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_75');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_75\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(75)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_75\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For the 2015 and 2016 meetings, see: \u201cJosephine County Oath Keepers General Meeting,\u201d Meetup event for August 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/233027958\/\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/233027958<\/a>; \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Baker County,\u201d MeetUp event for December 15, 2015, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/227416404<\/u>; \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Linn and Benton County General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for March 6, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/229239175\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/229239175<\/a>; \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Marion, Polk and Yamhill Counties,\u201d MeetUp event for June 16, 2016, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/qltlnhyvjbvb;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Washington County Monthly Meetings,\u201d MeetUp event for April 28, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/230501466\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/230501466<\/a>; \u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers Celebrating our 2 year anniversary,\u201d MeetUp event for April 16, 2016, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/229980453;<\/u> \u201cLane County Oath Keepers General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for February 21, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/228741920\/%20\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/228741920; <\/a>\u201c<u>Malheur County Oath Keepers Meet and Greet,\u201d MeetUp event, January 9, 2015, www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/219657841;<\/u> <u>\u201cOathkeepers of central Oregon,\u201d<\/u> MeetUp event for August 25, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224780403\/\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224780403;<\/a> \u201cOath Keepers of Klamath County,\u201d MeetUp event for August 20, 2015<u>, <\/u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224691943\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224691943<\/a>; for Douglas County, see \u201cSportsman &amp; Outdoor Recreation Show &#8211; Feb 13th\u201315th,\u201d MeetUp event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220476710\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220476710<\/a>.For chapters that held public meetings in 2014: \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Jackson County General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for February 17, 2014, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/165172592;<\/u> \u201c MeetUp event <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/179696252\/\">, May 8, 2014, <\/a><u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/179696252;<\/u> \u201cOregon Oath Keepers Deschutes Chapter Start Up,\u201d MeetUp event for November 13, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/215776232; <\/u>\u201cUnion County Oath Keepers of Oregon &#8211; General Meeting &#8211; Candidates Forum,\u201d MeetUp event for October 28, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/215983172;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Clackamas County Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for October 15, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/204384772;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Clackamas County Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for April 30, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/176655182;<\/u> <strong>\u201c<\/strong>Oath Keepers of Oregon Coos County Chapter Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for July 26, 2014, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/195777552;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Multnomah County General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for July 14, 2014, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/190826222; <\/u>\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Curry County Chapter Formation,\u201d MeetUp event for January 18, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/160026592;<\/u> &#8220;Oath Keepers of Oregon, Portland Chapter (Gresham) General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for December 2, 2013, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/151832752;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Portland Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for June 3, 2013,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/119666982;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Salem Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for November 9, 2013, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/147819052.<\/u><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_75').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_75', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Oregon Oath Keepers website listed links to organizations like PANDA (People Against the NDAA), Tenth Amendment Center, Oregon Firearms Federation, American Lands Council, and National Liberty Alliance.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_76');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_76');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_76\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(76)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_76\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Links,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_76').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_76', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In Oregon, the Oath Keepers have been building a grassroots movement, partly based on community service work and the creation of emergency-based response teams. The state website said that some of their actions included, \u201cBuilding wheel chair ramps for the disabled,\u201d \u201cRepairing school playgrounds for disabled access,\u201d and \u201cCommunity Preparedness Teams to assist in emergencies.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_77');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_77');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_77\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(77)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_77\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOath Keepers Oregon,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160406033648\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\/action.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160406033648\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org\/action.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_77').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_77', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In August 2015, the national Oath Keepers leadership\u2014who had previously focused on high-profile, media-friendly actions\u2014was promoting the Oregon\u2019s volunteer service approach. According to the Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights, national founder Stewart Rhodes called on chapters to both promote militias, as well as to join local \u201cvolunteer fire departments and churches, neighborhood watch groups, search and rescue and other first responder groups, and VFW groups.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_78');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_78');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_78\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(78)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_78\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Devin Burghart, \u201cOath Keepers Roll Out Plan to Infiltrate Local Institutions [Video],\u201d <em>Institute For Research &amp; Education On Human Rights<\/em>, November 3, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2015\/11\/03\/oath-keepers-roll-out-plan-to-infiltrate-local-institutions-video\">www.irehr.org\/2015\/11\/03\/oath-keepers-roll-out-plan-to-infiltrate-local-institutions-video<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_78').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_78', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> At the same time, many Oregon Oath Keepers\u2014fresh from the conflict at Sugar Pine Mine\u2014also travelled to Lincoln, Montana to help establish armed camps at the White Hope Mine.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_79');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_79');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_79\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(79)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_79\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Elias Alias, \u201cPress Release: Operation Big Sky: Lincoln, Montana,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, August 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/press-release-operation-big-sky-lincoln-montana\">www.oathkeepers.org\/press-release-operation-big-sky-lincoln-montana<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_79').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_79', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In July 2016, Joseph Rice, leader of the Oath Keepers of Josephine County, said that \u201cin the last year or so a lot of the Oregon Oath Keeper chapters have stopped and they&#8217;ve disbanded. But it doesn&#8217;t mean those individuals are no longer participating in securing and preserving Constitutional rights. They&#8217;ve just named themselves something else.\u201d The next month, his organization website announced they were no longer with the national Oath Keepers, and unveiled their new name: the Citizen Patriots of Josephine County.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_80');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_80');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_80\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(80)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_80\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joseph Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016, and email to author, August 25, 2016; see also <em>Citizen Patriots of Josephine County<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cpjoco.com\">www.cpjoco.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_80').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_80', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>State Group\u2014Pacific Patriots Network<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oregon III%<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Oregon-III-Percent.png\" alt=\"Oregon III% logo shows an outline of the state with &quot;III%&quot; inside it, and a ring of 13 stars around it.\" class=\"wp-image-16300\"\/><figcaption>Logo of the Oregon III%<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oregon Three Percentersare very active and seems to have eclipsed the Oath Keepers as the locus of Patriot movement organizing in the state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Three Percenters have a complex structure. Anyone can call themselves a Three Percenter, and there are also competing national organizations. But there is also a statewide group, called simply, \u201cOregon III%,\u201d which functions as a group-based network, albeit with a central leadership.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_81');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_81');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_81\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(81)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_81\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Their webpage is <u>www.oregoniiipercent.com<\/u>, and their main Facebook page is: \u201cOregon III%,\u201d Facebook page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/321735541284801\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/321735541284801<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_81').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_81', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (This seems to run contrary to cofounder Vanderboegh\u2019s original vision for the Three Percenters as a decentralized form of the militia that was harder to infiltrate and disrupt. However, these more organized Three Percenter groups, in Oregon and Idaho, have been very successful.) There is significant overlap between Oath Keepers and Three Percenters, as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The President of Oregon III% is David Samuel Hill, and the Vice President is Jeff Roberts; the group registered as a 501(c)4 in November 2015.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_82');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_82');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_82\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(82)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_82\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Oregon Secretary of State, Corporation Division<\/em>, Business Entity Data: Oregon III%, <a href=\"http:\/\/egov.sos.state.or.us\/br\/pkg_web_name_srch_inq.do_name_srch?p_name=&amp;p_regist_nbr=116101890&amp;p_srch=PHASE1&amp;p_print=FALSE&amp;p_entity_status=ACTINA\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/egov.sos.state.or.us\/br\/pkg_web_name_srch_inq.do_name_srch?p_name=&amp;p_regist_nbr=116101890&amp;p_srch=PHASE1&amp;p_print=FALSE&amp;p_entity_status=ACTINA<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_82').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_82', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Roberts claims that in 1993, as a 15-year-old, he drove to the Ruby Ridge standoff with Bo Gritz.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_83');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_83');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_83\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(83)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_83\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jeff Roberts, <em>Facebook<\/em> post, April 2015, screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_83').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_83', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In September 2015, Hill said the group had 1,000 members and a full \u201cexecutive staff\u201d\u2014up from 200 members and no staff, except its president, less than a year before.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_84');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_84');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_84\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(84)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_84\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">David Samuel Hill, Facebook post, September 2015. Screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_84').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_84', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> These numbers have undoubtedly grown since the Malheur occupation. Oregon III% divides the state up into seven \u201cZones,\u201d plus an independent eighth section.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"545\" height=\"706\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Roberts.1-e1475180606626.png\" alt=\"Oregon III% Vice President Jeff Roberts says he went to Ruby Ridge standoff with Bo Gritz, and helped found Constitution Party of Oregon.\" class=\"wp-image-16155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Roberts.1-e1475180606626.png 545w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Roberts.1-e1475180606626-232x300.png 232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 545px) 100vw, 545px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16156\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"548\" height=\"723\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Roberts.2-e1475180661452.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Roberts.2-e1475180661452.png 548w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Roberts.2-e1475180661452-227x300.png 227w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\" \/><figcaption>Oregon III% Vice President Jeff Roberts says he went to Ruby Ridge standoff with Bo Gritz, and helped found Constitution Party of Oregon.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hill says, in addition to participating in the Pacific Patriots Network, Oregon III% has \u201ca close working relationship with other patriotic, prepper and training groups.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_85');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_85');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_85\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(85)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_85\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_85').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_85', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Oregon III% co-organized the February 2015 Salem anti-SB 941 rally, was active in the Sugar Pine Mine and White Hope Mine armed camps, were at May 2015 anti-SB 941 rallies, and were part of \u201cProtect the Protectors\u201d campaign to \u201cguard\u201d U.S. military recruiting stations in July 2015.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_86');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_86');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_86\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(86)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_86\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_86').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_86', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One flyer indicates that BJ Soper and the Oregon III% were the organizers of the initial January 2, 2016 march in Burns, Oregon (Rice claims it as PPN and Oregon III%). Soper, and both Oregon and Idaho Three Percenters, spoke at the rally.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_87');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_87');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_87\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(87)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_87\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Video shows that the speakers include Brandon Curtiss and Brooke Agresta (3% of Idaho), Soper, and Jeff Roberts (Oregon III%). See \u201cLive feed Hammond ranch,\u201d YouTube video, 3:01:57, posted by \u201cPete Santilli Show,\u201d January 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jBBJe7FmRXI\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jBBJe7FmRXI<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_87').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_87', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> As part of the PPN, they were active in Burns during the occupation. At least one Oregon Three Percenter, Flipp Todd, was part of the occupation early on.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_88');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_88');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_88\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(88)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_88\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAnatomy of a Standoff,\u201d <em>Anti-Defamation League<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf\">www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_88').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_88', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some members of the Oregon III% are reportedly involved with an anti-immigrant vigilante group, which does street patrols, called the Soldiers of Odin. The group was founded in Finland by white supremacists, and it has recently spread across the United States.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_89');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_89');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_89\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(89)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_89\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cSoldiers of Odin USA: The Extreme European Anti-Refugee Group Comes to America,\u201d <em>Anti-Defamation League<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Soldiers-of-Odin-USA-Report-web.pdf\">www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Soldiers-of-Odin-USA-Report-web.pdf<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_89').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_89', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As of August 2016, the Oregon III% Zone divisions and leaders are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Zone 1 (Columbia, Clatsop, Tillamook, Washington, Multnomah, Clackamas, Marion, Polk, Yamhill, Lincoln, Linn, and Benton counties) \u2014 Ron McCue<\/li><li>Zone 2 (Hood River, Wasco, Sherman, and Gilliam) \u2014 Trevor Anders<\/li><li>Zone 3 (Morrow, Umatilla, Union, Baker, and Wallowa) \u2014 Damon Locke<\/li><li>Zone 4 (Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Coos, and Curry)\u2014Tom McKirgan<\/li><li>Zone 5 (Crook, Deschutes, Jefferson, Wheeler) \u2014 Jerrad Tyrea Robison<\/li><li>Zone 6 (Klamath, Lake)\u2014Tim Harris<\/li><li>Tri-County III% (Grant, Harney, Malheur)\u2014 Jason Ward (contact)<\/li><li>Zone 8 (Lane)\u2014Isreal Southerland<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What was Zone 7\u2014Harvey, Malheur, and Grant counties\u2014became the Tri-County III%, which is described as \u201ca separate, autonomous III% group separate from Oregon III%. Though not connected, Oregon III% recognizes and supports Tri-County III%.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_90');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_90');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_90\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(90)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_90\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Facebook post, accessed August 2016; screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_90').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_90', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16157\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"478\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-zone-map-updated.jpg\" alt=\"The Oregon III%, like many other states, divides the state into different Zones. Tri-County III% is autonomous from the larger group.\" class=\"wp-image-16157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-zone-map-updated.jpg 750w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-zone-map-updated-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption>The Oregon III%, like many other states, divides the state into different Zones. Tri-County III% is autonomous from the larger group.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16158\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"509\" height=\"605\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-zone-leaders-latest.png\" alt=\"Each Zone of the Oregon III% has a leader and a Facebook page.\" class=\"wp-image-16158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-zone-leaders-latest.png 509w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-zone-leaders-latest-252x300.png 252w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/><figcaption>Each Zone of the Oregon III% has a leader and a Facebook page.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-image-16159\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"493\" height=\"727\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-Oregon-state-leaders-latest-e1475181066334.png\" alt=\"The leadership structure of the Oregon III%.\" class=\"wp-image-16159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-Oregon-state-leaders-latest-e1475181066334.png 493w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/3_-Oregon-state-leaders-latest-e1475181066334-203x300.png 203w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/><figcaption>The leadership structure of the Oregon III%.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The county chapters include Multnomah, Washington, Marion and Polk, Linn and Benton, Clatsop and Columbia, Clackamas, Lincoln, Josephine, Jackson, Douglas, Coos, and Curry.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_91');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_91');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_91\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(91)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_91\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Facebook posts, accessed August 2016; screenshots in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_91').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_91', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>Regional Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pacific Patriots Network<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Pacific Patriots Network (PPN) is made up of the most active Patriot movement paramilitary groups in Oregon. It stepped into the spotlight by its attempts to establish an armed \u201cbuffer\u201d between the Malheur Refuge occupiers and the FBI during the occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The PPN consists of the Josephine County Oath Keepers, Oregon III%, Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard (SOCG), Central Oregon Constitutional Guard (COCG), West Valley Constitutional Guard, Bearded Bastards, and Heirs of Patrick Henry. PPN groups that are not based in Oregon include 3% of Idaho, and the Oath Keepers National.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_92');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_92');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_92\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(92)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_92\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cPacific Patriots Network Partners,\u201d <em>Pacific Patriots Network<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/partners.php\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/partners.php<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_92').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_92', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The PPN is an \u201cumbrella\u201d organization that was founded to help facilitate regional Patriot movement cooperation after Sugar Pine Mine in April 2015. Four of the five founders have gained public notoriety: Joseph Rice (Oath Keepers of Josephine County), BJ Soper (COCG), Brandon Curtiss (3% of Idaho), and Brandon Rapolla (Oregon Tactical and Oregon Oath Keepers Community Preparedness Team coordinator). The fifth founder, Chino Ruiz of the Bearded Bastards, keeps a much lower profile, and is reported to be no longer actively involved.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_93');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_93');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_93\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(93)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_93\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Joseph Rice confirmed the five founding members; email to author, July 15, 2016. Brandon Curtiss also said there were five founding groups, and described the Pacific Patriots Network as an \u201cumbrella\u201d organization. See \u201cFriday Jan 9th Morning Press Briefing with III%, CFCF and PPN from the Oregon Refuge Center,\u201d YouTube video, 15:53, posted by \u201cOathKeepersOK,\u201d January 10, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yKKaFvn69DY\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yKKaFvn69DY<\/a>; see 14:03 and 14:32. As of August 2015, the Pacific Patriots Network staff was: Brandi Hawkins (Public Affairs Officer), Angela Brainard (Medical Support), Bill Cross (Patriot Supply Railroad), BJ Soper (COCG), Brandon Curtiss (3% of Idaho), Colby Damon Olsen (Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard), David Samuel Hill (Oregon III%), Israel Southerland (Team Indigo), J.d. Parks (The Heirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest), Matt Kaney (Spectres Training Group), Chino Ruiz (Bearded Bastards), and Robert Rowe (Washgoneho Supply Railroad). Facebook post, August 2015. Screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_93').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_93', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"497\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-63.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot of a post in Pacific Patriots Network Facebook group asking for people to join a training session and listing names of leaders.\" class=\"wp-image-16301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-63.jpg 497w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-63-224x300.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px\" \/><figcaption>The leadership of the Pacific Patriots Network, as of September 2015.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the PPN is merely a network, it is not always clear which are actions are of the PPN proper and which are those of its constituent groups. Some individuals, for example, seem to claim that any action done by a member group is a PPN action. PPN loudly trumpeted its participation in the White Hope Mine armed encampment.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_94');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_94');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_94\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(94)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_94\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">There are over a dozen Pacific Patriots Network press releases and videos posted about the White Hope Mine and Operation Big Sky between August and October 2016. See Pacific Patriots Network, \u201cCurrent News,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_94').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_94', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> However, their participation in the Malheur occupation and activities in Burns is complex. (See appendix II.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the Malheur occupation, the PPN has largely been involved in support activities for those arrested and in electoral activity, as some prominent members have run for election, and then entered the Republican Party apparatus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em>I<strong>daho Group\u2014PPN<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3% of IDAHO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While this report is focused on Oregon groups, the 3% of Idaho deserves a mention. It is part of the Pacific Patriots Network, and Oregon III% leaders gave credit to the 3% of Idaho for helping set up the Oregon structure.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_95');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_95');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_95\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(95)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_95\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jeff Roberts, Facebook comment, May 2015; screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_95').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_95', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The group was in Burns before and during the occupation\u2014which was physically closer to Boise than to the homes of many Oregon Patriot movement activists. 3% of Idaho members were also present at the Sugar Pine Mine and White Hope Mine actions.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_96');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_96');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_96\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(96)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_96\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Dave Neiwert, \u201c\u2018III Percenters\u2019 Ride Wave Of Islamophobia In Idaho To Lead Anti-Refugee Protests,\u201d <em>Crooks and Liars<\/em>, November 6, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_96').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_96', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3% of Idaho President Brandon Curtiss founded the organization after being inspired by the 2014 Bundy Ranch standoff.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_97');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_97');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_97\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(97)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_97\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fedor Zarkhin, \u201c\u2018Buffer zone\u2019 in Oregon standoff: Ex-cop Brandon Curtiss says he&#8217;s a peacemaker,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, January 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/brandon_curtiss_pacific_patrio.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/brandon_curtiss_pacific_patrio.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_97').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_97', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The group\u2019s Vice President, Eric \u201cEJ\u201d Parker, is famous for being photographed pointing a rifle at federal agents during the standoff. He was arrested in March 2016 in connection with the events, and his trial is scheduled for February 6, 2017.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_98');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_98');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_98\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(98)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_98\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Sowell, \u201cFour Idahoans among 14 newly indicted in 2014 Bundy Ranch standoff,\u201d <em>Idaho Statesman<\/em>, March 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/crime\/article63878682.html\">www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/crime\/article63878682.html<\/a>; Associated Press, \u201cNevada trial for Cliven Bundy, 18 others set for 2017,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, April 27, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/04\/nevada_trial_for_cliven_bundy.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/04\/nevada_trial_for_cliven_bundy.html<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_98').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_98', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-64.jpg\" alt=\"The Idaho III% logo is essentially the same as Oregon's, using a state outline, with III% inside it, and a ring of 13 stars around it.\" class=\"wp-image-16302\" width=\"480\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-64.jpg 960w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-64-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-64-768x532.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption>The 3% of Idaho support their Vice President EJ Parker, currently awaiting trial for pointing a weapon at federal agents during the 2014 Bundy Ranch standoff.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In its home state, the 3% of Idaho is best-known for organizing anti-Syrian refugee demonstrations, which combine xenophobia and Islamophobia. One was held in Twin Falls on October 2015, and two in Boise in November 2015. The second Boise rally was a counter-demonstration against a pro-refugee demonstration; the Three Percenters were greatly outnumbered by the pro-refugee crowd.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_99');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_99');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_99\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(99)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_99\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cThree Percent of Idaho marches against Refugee Program in Twin Falls,\u201d <em>KMVT<\/em>, October 18 (updated November 9), 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kmvt.com\/content\/news\/Three-Percent-of-Idaho-marches-against-Refugee-Program-in-Twin-Falls-333956371.html\">www.kmvt.com\/content\/news\/Three-Percent-of-Idaho-marches-against-Refugee-Program-in-Twin-Falls-333956371.html<\/a>; Dave Neiwert, \u201c\u2018III Percenters\u2019 Ride Wave Of Islamophobia In Idaho To Lead Anti-Refugee Protests,\u201d <em>Crooks and Liars<\/em>, November 6, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia<\/span><\/a>; Harrison Berry, \u201cThousands Gather at Idaho Statehouse to Demonstrate For\u2014And Against\u2014Syrian Refugees,\u201d <em>Boise Weekly<\/em>, November 21, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boiseweekly.com\/boise\/thousands-gather-at-idaho-statehouse-to-demonstrate-forand-againstsyrian-refugees\/Content?oid=3657797\">www.boiseweekly.com\/boise\/thousands-gather-at-idaho-statehouse-to-demonstrate-forand-againstsyrian-refugees\/Content?oid=3657797<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_99').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_99', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (In comparison, in Oregon in 2015 there was a single announced Patriot movement-organized anti-Muslim demonstration.) In April 2016 the Idaho group also held a demonstration in Boise to support Idahoans arrested in connection with the Malheur and Bundy Ranch incidents.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_100');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_100');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_100\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(100)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_100\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cThe Resist Rally,\u201d Facebook event for April 30, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/events\/240950932921886\">www.facebook.com\/events\/240950932921886<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_100').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_100', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The website <em>The Voice of Idaho<\/em>, run by Mike Emry, is affiliated with the 3% of Idaho. Emry said he was the group\u2019s \u201cembedded\u201d reporter at the Malheur occupation, but afterwards was arrested on weapons charges in Oregon.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_101');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_101');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_101\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(101)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_101\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Les Zaitz, \u201c\u2018Embedded\u2019 reporter tied to militia arrested in John Day on weapons charges,\u201d<em> Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, May 6 (updated May 7), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/05\/militia-tied_embedded_reporter.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/05\/militia-tied_embedded_reporter.html<\/a>. On September 2, 2016, as the Malheur occupation trial was about to start, the 3% of Idaho suddenly distanced themselves from Emry, claiming that he was not \u201cembedded\u201d after all but rather was merely a \u201cmedia contact.\u201d III% of Idaho Official Press Release, <em>TVOI News<\/em>, September 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/tvoinews.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/III_Percent_Press_Release.jpg\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/tvoinews.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/III_Percent_Press_Release.jpg<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_101').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_101', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 3% of Idaho has also been embroiled in accusations of financial improprieties. Curtiss, who runs a property management business, has filed for bankruptcy three times, and in May 2016, the Idaho State Police started investigating him for defrauding clients.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_102');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_102');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_102\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(102)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_102\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Sowell, \u201cIdaho patriot group leader filed bankruptcy after Malheur visit,\u201d <em>Idaho Statesman<\/em>, March 27, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/west-ada\/article68581597.html\">www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/west-ada\/article68581597.html<\/a>; John Sowell, \u201cIdaho State Police eyes allegations against Meridian property manager,\u201d <em>Idaho Statesman<\/em>, May 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/boise\/article77226102.html\">www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/boise\/article77226102.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_102').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_102', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Meanwhile, his group claims to be a registered nonprofit, but the Center for American Progress reported there was no record of this.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_103');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_103');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_103\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(103)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_103\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Matt Lee-Ashley, \u201cCongress Should Confront the Rise of Violent Extremism on America\u2019s Public Lands,\u201d <em>Center for American Progress<\/em>, March 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/green\/report\/2016\/03\/24\/133730\/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands\">www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/green\/report\/2016\/03\/24\/133730\/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_103').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_103', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"613\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-65.jpg\" alt=\"Brandon Curtiss speaks into a microphone at an outdoor rally, with an American flag behind him.\" class=\"wp-image-16303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-65.jpg 936w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-65-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-65-768x503.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/><figcaption>Brandon Curtiss (3% of Idaho) speaking at the January 2, 2016 rally for the Hammonds in Burns, Oregon. (Photograph courtesy of Jason Wilson.)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>State Groups\u2014PPN<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Heirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest and Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"779\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-67.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing a list of group admins for the Heirs of Patrick Henry Facebook group.  \" class=\"wp-image-16304\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-67.jpg 779w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-67-300x264.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-67-768x676.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 779px) 100vw, 779px\" \/><figcaption>The administrators of the Heirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest Facebook group. Many are leaders in other Patriot movement organizations.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Heirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest is one of the PPN member groups; and in turn, the organization\u2019s membership overlaps with the Oath Keepers, Three Percenters, Central Oregon Constitutional Guard, and Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard. The Heirs of Patrick Henry were formed in fall 2014 to organize a February 2015 demonstration for gun rights in Salem.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_104');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_104');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_104\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(104)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_104\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Casey Runyan, \u201cThe Heirs of Patrick Henry, NW,\u201d GoFundMe page, created November 23, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gofundme.com\/hpfu0o\">www.gofundme.com\/hpfu0o<\/a>; \u201cPatrick Henry Rally\u201d Facebook event for February 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/events\/882773421735610\">www.facebook.com\/events\/882773421735610<\/a><u>.<\/u> The admins of the \u201cHeirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest\u201d Facebook group are: J.d. Parks, John Parker Jr., Colby Damon Olsen, BJ Soper, Bruce Cook, and Brandi Hawkins. \u201cAdmins\u201d on \u201cHeirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest\u201d Facebook page, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/admins\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/admins<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_104').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_104', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> According to J.d. Parks, \u201cThe Heirs of Patrick Henry Northwest exists for coordinating grassroots, local activism in the Pacific Northwest.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_105');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_105');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_105\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(105)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_105\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J.d. Parks, \u201cReminder,\u201d \u201cHeirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest,\u201d Facebook group, July 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/permalink\/1783488945271600\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/permalink\/1783488945271600<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_105').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_105', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Their members have also been active in the \u201crailroad\u201d systems which ran supplies to the different Patriot movement armed camps and standoffs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The President of the Heirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest is Casey Runyan, who spoke at the May 2015 anti-SB941 rally.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_106');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_106');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_106\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(106)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_106\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cSpeaker&#8217;s List Schedule for the Salem Event on Saturday,\u201d May 27, 2015, posted by Dutchman6 , <a href=\"http:\/\/sipseystreetirregulars.blogspot.com\/2015\/05\/speakers-list-schedule-for-salem-event.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/sipseystreetirregulars.blogspot.com\/2015\/05\/speakers-list-schedule-for-salem-event.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_106').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_106', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In 2014, he won the Republican primary for Oregon representative in District 9, but the party pulled their support after his previous conviction for felony assault conviction became known.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_107');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_107');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_107\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(107)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_107\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Anna Staver, \u201cOregon GOP pulls support for HD 9 candidate Runyan,\u201d <em>Statesman Journal<\/em>, July 18, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statesmanjournal.com\/story\/news\/politics\/elections\/2014\/07\/17\/oregon-gop-walks-away-house-candidate-criminal-past\/12814489\">www.statesmanjournal.com\/story\/news\/politics\/elections\/2014\/07\/17\/oregon-gop-walks-away-house-candidate-criminal-past\/12814489<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_107').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_107', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Runyan lost in the general election to Democrat Caddy McKeown, 13,746 to 8,983 (57.7 percent to 37.7 percent).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_108');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_108');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_108\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(108)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_108\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Oregon Secretary of State, <em>November 4, 2014, General Election, Official Abstract of Votes<\/em>, \u201cState Representative, 9th District,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_108').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_108', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-66.jpg\" alt=\"Logo for the Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard shows an ancient Greek helmet with two swords crossed behind it over a silhouette of the state.\" class=\"wp-image-16305\" width=\"288\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-66.jpg 575w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-66-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-66-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 288px) 100vw, 288px\" \/><figcaption>The Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard is a member group of the Pacific Patriots Network.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard is one of the smaller groups in the network. It is led by Colby Damon Olsen, who was at Sugar Pine Mine.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_109');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_109');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_109\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(109)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_109\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Picture of Olsen at Sugar Pine Mine, Facebook post, April 2015, screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_109').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_109', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> One of its few public acts was marching at the May 23, 2015 Boatnik Parade in Grants Pass with other Patriot movement groups.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_110');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_110');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_110\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(110)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_110\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">BJ Soper, Facebook post, May 2015. Screenshot in possession of author.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_110').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_110', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Olsen was also involved in the Fielder Dam controversy, and Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard members were present in Burns, as well.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_111');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_111');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_111\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(111)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_111\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Olsen can be seen at a Jackson County commission meeting; see \u201cFielder Dam: Waterwatch\u2019s Decimation of Jackson County Property (26 Aug 2015),\u201d YouTube video, 10:22, posted by \u201cKevstir,\u201d August 27, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6AJjGEbJiVY\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6AJjGEbJiVY<\/a>; Carissa Wolf and Kevin Sullivan, \u201cIn Oregon, angry protests about the killing of a wildlife refuge occupier,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, February 1, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/post-nation\/wp\/2016\/02\/01\/in-oregon-angry-protest-over-killing-of-wildlife-refuge-occupier\">www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/post-nation\/wp\/2016\/02\/01\/in-oregon-angry-protest-over-killing-of-wildlife-refuge-occupier<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_111').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_111', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-teal-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><em><strong>State Group<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Liberators<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Liberators deserve attention as a behind-the-scenes Patriot movement group that has had an outsized influence on the constitutional sheriffs movement in Oregon. They are older than most of the other Patriot movement groups existing today. Based in Roseburg,&nbsp; Douglas County, and led by Loma Wharton and Rae Copitka, its describes itself as \u201ca central clearinghouse for a plethora of information that is useful to both elected officials and the public.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_112');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_112');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_112\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(112)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_112\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cWe are,\u201d \u201cThe Liberators: V.A.C.A.T.E.,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberators2004.org\/index.html\">www.liberators2004.org\/index.html<\/a>; \u201cLoma Wharton,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080123094744\/http:\/www.theliberators11.org\/gpage2.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080123094744\/www.theliberators11.org\/gpage2.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_112').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_112', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The group claims that in 2009, it brought former Arizona sheriff and CSPOA founder Richard Mack to Roseburg, and 600 people attended two of his classes. In 2010, the Liberators say they brought Mack back to the state, and that event, hosted by then-Josephine County Sheriff Gil Gilbertson, was attended by then-Oregon county sheriffs Dennis Dotson (Lincoln) and John Hanlin (Douglas), and then-sheriff candidate Craig Zanni (Coos)\u2014all of whom \u201cattended the private class with Sheriff Mack.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_113');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_113');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_113\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(113)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_113\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cOur Mission,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100822082505\/http:\/www.theliberators11.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100822082505\/www.theliberators11.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_113').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_113', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the CSPOA website first went online in 2010, the Liberators were one of only two Patriot groups that it linked to. The group is closely tied to former Josephine County Sheriff Gil Gilbertson; during his speech at the first CSPOA conference in 2012, he thanked Wharton for her research help.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_114');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_114');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_114\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(114)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_114\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cLinks,\u201d <em>Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100821192007\/http:\/www.cspoa.org\/#links\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100821192007\/http:\/\/www.cspoa.org\/<\/span> &#8211; links<\/a>; \u201cSheriff Gil Gilbertson UnravelingFed 30Jan2012 a,\u201d YouTube video, 15:16, posted by \u201cCountySheriffProject.org Channel,\u201d February 22, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QmQeJNG18vg\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QmQeJNG18vg<\/a>; see around 6:00.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_114').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_114', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> The Liberators\u2019 website hosts writings by both Gilbertson and Sheriff Palmer.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_115');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_115');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_115\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(115)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_115\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cDownloads,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberators2004.org\/Download.html\">www.liberators2004.org\/Download.html<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_115').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_115', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Wharton and Copitka also were both deeply involved in National Constitutional Sheriffs\u2019 Association, which Gilbertson was on the board of.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_116');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_116');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_116\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(116)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_116\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">For example, the NCSA and Liberators telephone number and mailing address are the same. See \u201cNational Constitutional Sheriffs Assoc. LLC,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.electmuller.com\/Media\/pdf\/NCSA%20Position%20paper%20Press%20release.pdf\">www.electmuller.com\/Media\/pdf\/NCSA Position paper Press release.pdf<\/a> and \u201cEducation &amp; Information,\u201d <em>The Liberators\u2014V.A.C.A.T.E.<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberators2004.org\/gpage.html\">www.liberators2004.org\/gpage.html<\/a>; \u201cUSN Captain (Retired) Norman R. Malmberg praises Siskiyou Co Board of Supervisors,\u201d <em>Pie N Politics<\/em>, August 15, 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?paged=311\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?paged=311<\/span><\/a><u>;<\/u> \u201cChoose Your NCSA Annual Membership,\u201d <em>National Constitutional Sheriff\u2019s Association<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130811084523\/http:\/ncsa1.org\/subscriptions\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130811084523\/http:\/\/ncsa1.org\/subscriptions<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_116').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_116', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> In Grants Pass on July 7, 2014, the Liberators cosponsored, with Gilbertson, a talk billed as \u201cThe Solution Revolution,\u201d featuring land transfer advocate Ken Ivory. On July 19, 2014, Copitka and Wharton also spoke at the Patriots Gathering in North Bend in Coos County, alongside Oath Keeper leaders and the <em>News With Views <\/em>editor. The group also attended a support rally on February 16, 2016 for the Malheur occupiers which was held outside the Bureau of Land Management office in Roseburg.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_117');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_15861_1('footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_117');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_117\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">(117)<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_117\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cSolution Revolution is June 7, 2014,\u201d <em>Pie N Politics<\/em>, May 22, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?p=20728\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?p=20728<\/span><\/a>; Jim Kouri, \u201cNews With Views Editor to be Special Guest Speaker at Patriots Gathering in North Bend, OR,\u201d <em>News With Views<\/em>, July 14, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newswithviews.com\/NWV-News\/news399.htm\">www.newswithviews.com\/NWV-News\/news399.htm<\/a>; Troy Brynelson, \u201cProtestors outside BLM office decry jailing of occupiers, killing of LaVoy Finicum,\u201d <em>News-Review<\/em>, February 16, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrtoday.com\/news\/protesters-outside-blm-office-decry-jailing-of-occupiers-killing-of\/article_3e57a3ca-d370-5fdd-8905-2ce1a856d5db.html\">www.nrtoday.com\/news\/protesters-outside-blm-office-decry-jailing-of-occupiers-killing-of\/article_3e57a3ca-d370-5fdd-8905-2ce1a856d5db.html<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_117').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_15861_1_117', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'center right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"695\" height=\"899\" src=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-68.jpg\" alt=\"A poster for a 2014 gathering in North Bend, featuring a number of hard right speakers and guests.\" class=\"wp-image-16306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-68.jpg 695w, https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Up-in-Arms_Report_PDF-68-232x300.jpg 232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px\" \/><figcaption>A 2014 gathering in Coos County which featured a number of Oregon Hard Right figures, including members of the Liberators, Oath Keepers, and News With Views.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15861_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_15861_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15861_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_15861_1\" style=\"display: none;\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers -w\/Guest: Robert Bristow of NLA, Nov 29, 2014,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/218815958\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/218815958<\/a>; \u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers W\/ Robert Bristow NLA Nat. Coord., March 21, 2015,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220975254\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220975254<\/a>; \u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers Special Guest, NLA Nat. Coord. Robert Bristow, January 16, 2016,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/227874488\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/227874488<\/a>. Bristow lives in Scappoose in Columbia County, which is also the NLA\u2019s mailing address for its Oregon \u201cUnified State Common Law Grand Jury.\u201d See \u201cRobert Bristow,\u201d LinkedIn page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/robert-bristow-a05141110\">www.linkedin.com\/in\/robert-bristow-a05141110<\/a>; \u201cUnified State Common Law Grand Jury Mailing Addresses,\u201d <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/site-contact\">www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/site-contact<\/a>. For general information on the NLA, see \u201cNew Yorker Claims National Network of Pseudo-Legal Grand Juries,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, November 21, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2014\/new-yorker-claims-national-network-pseudo-legal-grand-juries.\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2014\/new-yorker-claims-national-network-pseudo-legal-grand-juries.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Links,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160111042238\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160111042238\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org<\/span><\/a>; \u201cOrego Sugar Pine Mine Offical Calls for Oath Keepers\u201d [sic], <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, April 22, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/orego-sugar-pine-mine-offical-calls-oath-keepers\">www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/orego-sugar-pine-mine-offical-calls-oath-keepers<\/a>; \u201cAmmon Bundy Interview with Gerard Aprea and Tanner Justis\u2014National Liberty Alliance,\u201d YouTube video, 16:58, posted by \u201cNational Liberty Alliance,\u201d January 6, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5lCHW3vaR1I\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5lCHW3vaR1I<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOregon\u2014Ground Zero,\u201d <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/nationallibertyalliance.org\/rico\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/nationallibertyalliance.org\/rico<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cCommittee of Safety Registry,\u201d <em>National Liberty Alliance<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/committee-safety-registry\">www.nationallibertyalliance.org\/committee-safety-registry<\/a>.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> \u201cCommittees of Safety,\u201d YouTube video, 22:40, posted by \u201cNational Liberty Alliance,\u201d May 14, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oYwq_BV_mgI\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oYwq_BV_mgI<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Betsy Hammond, \u201cSelf-appointed \u2018judge\u2019 arrives in Burns to ask local residents to charge government officials with crimes,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, January 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/self-appointed_judge_arrives_i.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/self-appointed_judge_arrives_i.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Originally posted on Facebook, February 1, 2016 (although now removed) at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/notes\/robert-lavoy-finicum\/common-law-grand-jury-orders-the-militia-to-arrest-the-criminals\/1006304712746352\">www.facebook.com\/notes\/robert-lavoy-finicum\/common-law-grand-jury-orders-the-militia-to-arrest-the-criminals\/1006304712746352<\/a>. Some copies of Douchette\u2019s \u201corder\u201d are online elsewhere, including at <em>The Straight Dope<\/em>, post #1913 by Jasg, February 1, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/boards.straightdope.com\/sdmb\/showthread.php?p=19065388\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/boards.straightdope.com\/sdmb\/showthread.php?p=19065388<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">This video shows him speaking at a Malheur occupation press conference: \u201cMichael Emry live in Burns Oregon 1\/23\/16,\u201d YouTube video, 24:39, posted by \u201cStarkHour Dotcom,\u201d January 23, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jebHBy5sJNw\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jebHBy5sJNw<\/a>. See also Kristian Foden-Vencil, \u201cArmed Occupiers Convene Common Law Grand Jury Against Local Officials,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-occupiers-common-law-grand-jury\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/oregon-occupiers-common-law-grand-jury<\/a>; John Sepulvado, \u201cHammond Family Signs On To &#8216;Citizens Grand Jury,\u2019\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 25 (updated January 26), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family\">www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family<\/a>; \u201cStatewide Common Law Grand Jury, Oregon\/Florida\/Nebraska\u201401-23-2016 Demand to Amend With No Delay In 40 Days,\u201d <em>\u201cWe the People,\u201d<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-23-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html\">www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-23-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html<\/a>; \u201cStatewide Common Law Grand Jury, Oregon\/Florida\/Nebraska\u201401-24-2016 Demand to Amend With No Delay In 40 Days,\u201d <em>\u201cWe the People,\u201d<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-24-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html\">www.wethepeoplecommonlawgrandjury.com\/file\/01-24-2016_Order_Demand_To_Amend_With_No_Delay_In_40_Days.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Sepulvado, \u201cHammond Family Signs On To &#8216;Citizens Grand Jury\u2019,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 25 (updated January 26), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family\">www.opb.org\/news\/article\/extralegal-grand-jury-gets-support-from-hammond-family<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAn Open Letter to Sheriff Ward of Harney County Oregon\u2014and to All County Sheriffs in America from Judge Anna,\u201d<em> This page is an index of the writings of Judge Anna von Reitz from Big Lake Alaska,<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/annavonreitz.com\/openlettertosheriffward.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/annavonreitz.com\/openlettertosheriffward.pdf<\/span><\/a>; \u201cHammond Ranch Update: Open Letter To Sheriff David Ward &amp; All Sheriffs In The United States,\u201d YouTube video, 26:27, posted by \u201cPete Santilli Show,\u201d December 1, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B3JqIceKh6I\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=B3JqIceKh6I<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Letter from Judge Gary-dean: darby to Major Bomar, <em>Four Corners Doctrine<\/em>, February 5, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/fourcornersdoctrine.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/12\/second-letter-a.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/fourcornersdoctrine.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/12\/second-letter-a.pdf<\/span><\/a>; \u201cJudge with Sworn Oath Contacts Military for Burns \u2018Life &amp; Property\u2019 Protection,\u201d <em>AVNetnews<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/avnetnews.net\/newsletters\/judge-with-sworn-oath-contacts-military-for-burns-protection\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/avnetnews.net\/newsletters\/judge-with-sworn-oath-contacts-military-for-burns-protection<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cLaz calls out corrupt co-conspirators,\u201d YouTube video, 11:28, posted by \u201cLeo Stratton,\u201d May 26, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=elumbshejGs\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=elumbshejGs<\/a>; \u201c\u2019EXCLUSIVE\u2019 LaVoy Finicim. Bundy&#8217;s, Hammonds complete story video 1,\u201d YouTube video, 10:54, posted by \u201cLeo Stratton,\u201d May 29, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=doVqKkyTQR0\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=doVqKkyTQR0<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The following are all from the <em>Continental Court System of the united States<\/em>: \u201cOregon Continental Marshals,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-continental-marshals\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-continental-marshals<\/span><\/a>; \u201cOregon Continental Superior Court Judges,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-judges\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-judges<\/span><\/a>; \u201cOregon Eastern Statewide Superior Court Grand Jury,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-state-superior-court\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/oregon-3\/oregon-state-superior-court<\/span><\/a>; \u201cColorado Superior Court Judges,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/colorado\/colorado-superior-court-judges\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/colorado\/colorado-superior-court-judges<\/span><\/a>; \u201cAlaska Continental Superior Court Judges,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/alaska\/alaska-continental-superior-court-judges\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/alaska\/alaska-continental-superior-court-judges<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOrganize your State\/County to be Constitutional,\u201d <em>Continental Court System of the united States<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/organizing-your-statecounty-to-be-constitutional\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ccsus.wordpress.com\/organizing-your-statecounty-to-be-constitutional<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joshua Zaffos, \u201cNew leader steps up for the American Lands Council,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, February 10, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/articles\/new-leader-steps-up-for-the-american-lands-council\">www.hcn.org\/articles\/new-leader-steps-up-for-the-american-lands-council<\/a>; Center for Western Priorities, <em>Going to Extremes: The Anti-Government Extremism Behind the Growing Movement to Seize America\u2019s Public Lands<\/em>, July 7, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/westernpriorities.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Extremism_July2016_final.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/westernpriorities.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Extremism_July2016_final.pdf<\/span><\/a>. Fielder and Trochmann are both in the Sanders Natural Resources Council; see \u201cRecycled County Supremacy Gains Traction, Lacks Legal Basis,\u201d <em>Montana Human Rights Network<\/em>, November 2, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN%20Report%20-%20Coordination.pdf\">www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/MHRN Report &#8211; Coordination.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jennifer Fielder, \u201cWhat\u2019s behind the standoff in Oregon,\u201d <em>Independent Record<\/em> (Helena, MT), January 31, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/helenair.com\/news\/opinion\/what-s-behind-standoff-in-oregon\/article_994c122a-2b69-585f-8c88-67ee76e7894a.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/helenair.com\/news\/opinion\/what-s-behind-standoff-in-oregon\/article_994c122a-2b69-585f-8c88-67ee76e7894a.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See interactive map: Tay Wiles, \u201cLand transfer battles rage on, county by county,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, July 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/articles\/battles-over-whether-to-support-the-american-lands-council-rage-on-county-by-county\">www.hcn.org\/articles\/battles-over-whether-to-support-the-american-lands-council-rage-on-county-by-county<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Sepulvado, \u201cHow Refuge Occupation Could Fuel Land Privatization Movement,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, January 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/how-refuge-occupation-could-fuel-land-privatization-movement\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/how-refuge-occupation-could-fuel-land-privatization-movement<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cVision,\u201d <em>American Lands Council<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanlandcouncil.org\/join.html\">www.americanlandcouncil.org\/join.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Tay Wiles and Jonathan Thompson, \u201cAuthorities closing in on Oregon\u2019s Malheur occupation,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, January 27, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/articles\/malheur-occupiers-1-dead-7-arrested-finicum\">www.hcn.org\/articles\/malheur-occupiers-1-dead-7-arrested-finicum<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cHarney County Town Hall #1 Dec 15, 2015,\u201d YouTube video, 58:56, posted by \u201cCrooked River Currents View,\u201d December 16, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3qcr93G0InA\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3qcr93G0InA<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAbout,\u201d <em>American Stewards of Liberty<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanstewards.us\/about\">www.americanstewards.us\/about<\/a>; \u201cAbout Fred Kelly Grant,\u201d <em>Stand &amp; Fight Club<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/standandfightclub.com\/about-fred-kelly-grant<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cBaker County Press. Local: FAFA Banquet,\u201d <em>Historic Oregon Newspapers<\/em>, May 22, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonnews.uoregon.edu\/lccn\/2015260133\/2015-05-22\/ed-1\/seq-10.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ryan Sabalow, \u201cFred Kelly Grant talks Agenda 21, \u2018coordination\u2019 with local activists,\u201d <em>Record Searchlight<\/em> (Boulevard Redding, CA), January 23, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html\">www.redding.com\/news\/fred-kelly-grant-talks-agenda-21-coordination-with-local-activists-ep-375305599-354531551.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For Josephine, see \u201cFred Kelly Grant seminar on 10th amendment powers,\u201d <em>Southern Oregon Resource Alliance<\/em>, July 16, 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/soranews.com\/2011\/07\/16\/fred-kelly-grant\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/soranews.com\/2011\/07\/16\/fred-kelly-grant<\/span><\/a><u>;<\/u> for Baker, see \u201cFred Kelly Grant Group: Coordination 101,\u201d <em>Forest Access For All<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/forestaccessforall.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Coordination-flyer.pdf<\/span><\/a><u>.<\/u> See also flyer for Fred Kelly Grant talk on \u201cCoordination,\u201d November 28, 2015, John Day, Oregon; PDF in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPress Release: Montana Miners Move Ahead With Lawsuit After Court Rules With Them As To No \u2018Fast Tracking For Early Settlement\u2019,\u201d <em>Pacific Patriots Network<\/em>, September 17, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/press_release_2015-09-17.php\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/press_release_2015-09-17.php<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fred Kelly Grant, \u201cThe Unraveling of the Hammond Case: A Dishonest and a Corrupted System of Laws Victimizes the Hammond Family of Harney County, Oregon,\u201d <em>Free the Hammonds<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/freethehammonds.org\/resources\/Fred%20Grant%27s%20Opinion.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/freethehammonds.org\/resources\/Fred<\/span> Grant&#8217;s Opinion.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Kevin Jenkins, \u201cFinicum&#8217;s widow: Law enforcement \u2018spreading whitewash\u2019,\u201d<em> Spectrum<\/em>, March 9, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thespectrum.com\/story\/news\/2016\/03\/09\/finicums-widow-law-enforcement-spreading-whitewash\/81531856\">www.thespectrum.com\/story\/news\/2016\/03\/09\/finicums-widow-law-enforcement-spreading-whitewash\/81531856<\/a>. As of August 2016, the lawyer is Brian Claypool. See Kale Williams, \u201cLavoy Finicum&#8217;s widow announces plans to sue feds, state cops over husband&#8217;s death,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, August 27 (updated September 1), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/08\/lavoy_finicums_widow_announces.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/08\/lavoy_finicums_widow_announces.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Sepulvado, \u201cGOP Politicians Planned And Participated In Key Aspects Of Refuge Occupation,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, March 16 (March 18), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/republican-gop-politicians-coalition-western-states\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/republican-gop-politicians-coalition-western-states<\/a>; Cheri Roberts, \u201cWill Feds Round-Up Bundy Co-Conspirator COWS or Leave them to Graze Without Penalty on the Public\u2019s Constitution?,\u201d <em>Challenging the Rhetoric<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"https:\/\/challengingtherhetoric.wordpress.com\/2016\/03\/17\/will-feds-round-up-bundy-co-conspirator-cows-or-leave-them-to-graze-without-penalty-on-the-publics-constitution\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/challengingtherhetoric.wordpress.com\/2016\/03\/17\/will-feds-round-up-bundy-co-conspirator-cows-or-leave-them-to-graze-without-penalty-on-the-publics-constitution<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">CSPOA, \u201cTOTAL SHERIFFS: 485,\u201d in \u201cGrowing List of Sheriffs, Associations and Police Chiefs Saying \u2018NO\u2019 to Obama Gun Control, original post February 1, 2014 (list updated July 6, 2015), <em>CSPOA.ORG<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150706092456\/http:\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150706092456\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_31');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cGrowing List of Sheriffs Saying \u2018No\u2019 to Obama Gun Control,\u201d <em>Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association<\/em>, May 14, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights<\/span><\/a>. The county sheriffs listed who are currently in office are: Glenn E. Palmer (Grant), Craig Zanni (Coos), John Hanlin (Douglas), Pat Garrett (Washington), Daniel Staton (Multnomah), and Brian Wolfe (Malheur). The sheriffs that are listed but whom are no longer in office are: Gil Gilbertson (Josephine), Larry Blanton (Deschutes), Mike Winters (Jackson), Tim Mueller (Linn), and John Bishop (Curry).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAnother Sheriff Speaks Out Against Gun Control,\u201d YouTube video, 2:04, posted by \u201cLaughingAtLiberals,\u201d April 23, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HQ3-9Vrh5vI\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HQ3-9Vrh5vI<\/a>; Alex Paul, \u201cSheriff Riley opposes enhanced gun background checks,\u201d <em>Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em>, April 4, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/sheriff-riley-opposes-enhanced-gun-background-checks\/article_626e47d4-486d-5bff-9ae3-c4a7f73c3d14.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/sheriff-riley-opposes-enhanced-gun-background-checks\/article_626e47d4-486d-5bff-9ae3-c4a7f73c3d14.html<\/span><\/a>; Jane Stebbins, \u201cSheriff is no fan of gun sales measure,\u201d May 5, 2015, <em>Curry Coastal Pilot<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Sheriff-is-no-fan-of-gun-sales-measure\">www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Sheriff-is-no-fan-of-gun-sales-measure<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&#8220;Growing List of Sheriffs, Associations and Police Chiefs Saying &#8216;NO&#8217; to Obama Gun Control by CSPOA,&#8221; originally February 1, 2014, archived August 12, 2015, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150812112805\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/sheriffs-gun-rights<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Constitutional Sheriffs &amp; Peace Officers Association, \u201cStand Up for the 10th Amendment &amp; Attend the Constitutional Sheriffs Convention Jan 30!,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.countysheriffproject.org\/CSPOA_Invitation_Dec29.2011.pdf\">www.countysheriffproject.org\/CSPOA_Invitation_Dec29.2011.pdf<\/a>; \u201cCSPOA Board of Directors,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130528133735\/http:\/www.countysheriffproject.org\/index.php\/faq\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130528133735\/www.countysheriffproject.org\/index.php\/faq<\/span><\/a>; CSPOA, \u201cThe Leadership\u2014CSPOA Council of Sheriffs, Peace Officers and Public Officials,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150820114146\/http:\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150820114146\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership<\/span><\/a> As of September 2015, the Council was replaced by a new, three-person Advisory Board, which did not include Gilbertson or Palmer: \u201cThe Leadership,\u201d <em>Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150908164214\/http:\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150908164214\/http:\/\/cspoa.org\/about\/leadership<\/span><\/a> Until 2015, the CSPOA website included this long list of sheriffs and other law enforcement officers who, they say, have made both a \u201creaffirmation that the sheriff will follow his or her oath and uphold the Constitution,\u201d and an \u201caffirmation to support the constitutional second amendment rights of citizens in his or her jurisdiction.\u201d However, the site specified that not all of those listed were actual CSPOA members, and it was notoriously error-ridden. The list was removed from their website after the Malheur takeover, but was replaced in 2016, although it pads its numbers with sheriffs who are no longer in office.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_35');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cSheriff Glenn Palmer: 2012 CSPOA Sheriff of the Year,\u201d YouTube video, 11:42, posted by \u201cCountySheriffProject.org Channel,\u201d February 10, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z_0Jm47Dyx8\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Z_0Jm47Dyx8<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_36');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_36\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Bishop, email to author, June 4, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_37');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_37\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sean Hart, \u201cState Sheriffs\u2019 Association Asked To Investigate Grant County Sheriff&#8217;s Conduct,\u201d <em>Oregon Public Broadcasting<\/em>, February 9, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/state-sheriffs-association-asked-to-investigate-grant-county-sheriffs-conduct\">www.opb.org\/news\/series\/burns-oregon-standoff-bundy-militia-news-updates\/state-sheriffs-association-asked-to-investigate-grant-county-sheriffs-conduct<\/a>; \u201cResponse to Questions Regarding the Oregon Office of Sheriff,\u201d <em>Oregon State Sheriffs\u2019 Association<\/em>, February 5, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/oregonsheriffs.org\/news\/response-to-questions-regarding-the-oregon-office-of-sheriff\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/oregonsheriffs.org\/news\/response-to-questions-regarding-the-oregon-office-of-sheriff<\/span><\/a>.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_38');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_38\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Douglas County Sheriff\u2019s Office, email to author, May 24, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_39');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_39\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Robert Mackey, \u201cOregon Sheriff Shared Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theory on Facebook,\u201d <em>New York Times<\/em>, October 2, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/10\/03\/us\/oregon-sheriff-shared-sandy-hook-conspiracy-theory-on-facebook.html\">www.nytimes.com\/2015\/10\/03\/us\/oregon-sheriff-shared-sandy-hook-conspiracy-theory-on-facebook.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_40');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_40\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cBrady Campaign Calls for Immediate Resignation of Douglas County Sheriff John Hanlin,\u201d <em>Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence<\/em>, October 4, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bradycampaign.org\/press-room\/brady-campaign-calls-for-immediate-resignation-of-douglas-county-sheriff-john-hanlin\">www.bradycampaign.org\/press-room\/brady-campaign-calls-for-immediate-resignation-of-douglas-county-sheriff-john-hanlin<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_41');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_41\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BLM, \u201cResource Management Plans (RMPs) for Western Oregon,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon\/\">www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon.<\/a> The 18 counties are Benton, Clackamas, Columbia, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Klamath, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill; Benton is not part of the AOCC. See also Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em> (Corvallis, OR), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_42');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_42\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPublic Land Statistics 2015,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management,<\/em> May 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/public_land_statistics\/pls15\/pls2015.pdf\">www.blm.gov\/public_land_statistics\/pls15\/pls2015.pdf<\/a>, Table 1-5, page 26 in the PDF itself.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_43');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_43\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a>. See also Sarah Gilman, \u201cBLM moves away from landmark Northwest Forest Plan,\u201d <em>High Country News<\/em>, July 25, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.12\/blm-moves-away-from-landmark-northwest-forest-plan\">www.hcn.org\/issues\/48.12\/blm-moves-away-from-landmark-northwest-forest-plan<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_44');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_44\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a>; Jane Stebbins, \u201cSuit Seeks Federal Funds for Counties,\u201d February 16, 2016, <em>Curry Coastal Pilot<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Suit-seeks-federal-funds-for-counties\">www.currypilot.com\/News\/Local-News\/Suit-seeks-federal-funds-for-counties<\/a>. Article is now offline; copy in possession of author.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_45');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_45\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cResource Management Plans (RMPs) for Western Oregon,\u201d <em>Bureau of Land Management<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon\">www.blm.gov\/or\/plans\/rmpswesternoregon<\/a>.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_46');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_46\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Karina Brown, \u201cMultiple Lawsuits Over Update to OR Forest Plan,\u201d <em>Courthouse News<\/em>, August 8, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/08\/08\/multiple-lawsuits-over-update-to-or-forest-plan.htm\">www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/08\/08\/multiple-lawsuits-over-update-to-or-forest-plan.htm<\/a>. The environmental groups include Western Environmental Law Center, Earthjustice, Pacific Rivers, Cascadia Wildlands, Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center, OR Wild, and the Wilderness Society. See \u201cPress Release: Stakeholder Groups Challenge Oregon Forest Management Plan,\u201d <em>Your BLM Backyard Forests<\/em>, August 9, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blmbackyardforests.org\/#!Press-Release-Stakeholder-Groups-Challenge-Oregon-Forest-Management-Plan\/e0hm8\/57aa27490cf2fdb0f74e5f0b\">www.blmbackyardforests.org\/ &#8211; !Press-Release-Stakeholder-Groups-Challenge-Oregon-Forest-Management-Plan\/e0hm8\/57aa27490cf2fdb0f74e5f0b<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_47');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_47\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Paul, \u201cO &amp; C Counties to Challenge BLM Timber Harvest Levels,\u201d April 13, 2016, <em>Gazette Times<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html\">www.gazettetimes.com\/albany\/news\/o-c-counties-to-challenge-blm-timber-harvest-levels\/article_90481544-8676-50bf-b6a3-c9c80564e9d7.html<\/a>; Curry County Commissioner Susan Brown, telephone conversation with author, September 2, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_48');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_48\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Some counties had relied on O&amp;C funding for their coffers and had extremely low property taxes. Those\u2014Josephine in particular\u2014that have not raised property taxes (or secured revenue in another manner) after the decline in both O&amp;C and Save Rural Schools funding, have had budget crises that have affected county law enforcement. Karina Brown, \u201cOregon Logging Plan Roundly Criticized,\u201d May 23, 2016, <em>Courthouse News<\/em>,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/05\/23\/oregon-logging-plan-roundly-criticized.htm\"> www.courthousenews.com\/2016\/05\/23\/oregon-logging-plan-roundly-criticized.htm<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_49');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_49\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jolene Guzman, \u201cLinn County Files Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Polk County Itemizer-Observer<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit\/\">www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit<\/a>; Denis C. Theriault , \u201cLinn County plans $1.4 billion lawsuit over Oregon logging rules,\u201d <em>OregonLive\/Oregonian<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html<\/a>.<br><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_50');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_50\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The counties are Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Douglas, Josephine, Klamath, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Polk, Tillamook, and Washington. Denis C. Theriault, \u201cLinn County plans $1.4 billion lawsuit over Oregon logging rules,\u201d <em>OregonLive\/Oregonian<\/em>, January 13, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/politics\/index.ssf\/2016\/01\/linn_county_plans_14_billion_l.html<\/a>; Jolene Guzman, \u201cLinn County Files Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Polk County Itemizer-Observer<\/em>, March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit\/\">www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit<\/a>; Alex Paul, \u201cLinn County\u2019s $1.4 Billion Dollar Lawsuit Many Years in the Making,\u201d <em>Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em>, January 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/linn-county-s-billion-class-action-lawsuit-many-years-in\/article_16aa736e-7fed-5e89-9565-62b898b13452.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/local\/linn-county-s-billion-class-action-lawsuit-many-years-in\/article_16aa736e-7fed-5e89-9565-62b898b13452.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_51');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_51\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jolene Guzman, \u201cLinn County Files Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Polk County Itemizer-Observer,<\/em> March 17, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit\/\">www.polkio.com\/news\/2016\/mar\/17\/linn-county-files-timber-lawsuit<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_52');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_52\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alex Paul, \u201cState, Environmental Groups Seek Dismissal of Linn County Timber Lawsuit,\u201d <em>Albany Democrat-Herald<\/em>, May 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/state-environmental-groups-seek-dismissal-of-linn-county-timber-lawsuit\/article_2880d648-5a5f-54a4-9863-15449f6a5b20.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/democratherald.com\/news\/state-environmental-groups-seek-dismissal-of-linn-county-timber-lawsuit\/article_2880d648-5a5f-54a4-9863-15449f6a5b20.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_53');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_53\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>53<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Stern, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">A Force Upon the Plain,<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> 240\u201341; Fred Clarkson, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Eternal Hostility: The Struggle Between Theocracy and Democracy<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1997), 118\u201319, 152\u201353, 160; Montana Human Rights Network, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">The Constitution Party of Montana: The Radical Right Wing\u2019s Collision with Mainstream Politics<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, third edition, 2009 (originally 2000), 9\u201313, 63\u201364, <\/span><a style=\"font-size: inherit;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/CPOM%20Updated%20report.pdf\">www.mhrn.org\/publications\/specialresearchreports\/CPOM Updated report.pdf<\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_54');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_54\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>54<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jack Alan Brown Jr, email to Political Research Associates, April 16, 2016; \u201cImmediate Release to Media,\u201d <em>The Constitution Party of Oregon<\/em>, September 6, 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/state_party_releases.htm\">www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/state_party_releases.htm<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_55');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_55\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>55<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Morgan Whitaker, \u201cCliven Bundy is leaving the Republican Party,\u201d <em>MSNBC<\/em>, May 27, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.msnbc.com\/politicsnation\/cliven-bundy-leaves-the-gop\">www.msnbc.com\/politicsnation\/cliven-bundy-leaves-the-gop<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_56');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_56\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>56<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Judy Fahys, \u201cOregon Occupation Creates Rift In Utah Political Party,\u201d <em>KUER 90.1 NPR Utah<\/em>, January 6, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/kuer.org\/post\/oregon-occupation-creates-rift-utah-political-party#stream\/0\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/kuer.org\/post\/oregon-occupation-creates-rift-utah-political-party<\/span> &#8211; stream\/0<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_57');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_57\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>57<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPlatform of the Constitution Party of Oregon,\u201d <em>The Constitution Party of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/platform_of_the_constitution_par.htm;\">www.constitutionpartyoregon.net\/platform_of_the_constitution_par.htm;<\/a> \u201cIAP Releases Statement Concerning Bundy Occupation,\u201d <em>Independent American Party<\/em>, January 21, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.independentamericanparty.org\/2016\/01\/iap-releases-statement-concerning-bundy-occupation\">www.independentamericanparty.org\/2016\/01\/iap-releases-statement-concerning-bundy-occupation<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_58');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_58\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>58<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeff Roberts, Facebook post, April 22, 2015, screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_59');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_59\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>59<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOregon Candidates 2016,\u201d <em>The Constitution Party of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/constitutionpartyoregon.net\/constitution_party_candidates_2016.htm\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/constitutionpartyoregon.net\/constitution_party_candidates_2016.htm<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_60');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_60\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>60<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Oregon Secretary of State, \u201cNovember 4, 2014, General Election, Official Abstract of Votes,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_61');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_61\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>61<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cWho We Are,\u201d <em>Oregon Firearms Federation<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonfirearms.org\/who-we-are\">www.oregonfirearms.org\/who-we-are<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_62');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_62\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>62<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cProfiles on the Right: Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association,\u201d <em>Political Research Associates<\/em>, November 22, 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politicalresearch.org\/2013\/11\/22\/profiles-on-the-right-constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association\">www.politicalresearch.org\/2013\/11\/22\/profiles-on-the-right-constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association<\/a>; Rachel Tabachnick, \u201cProfile on the Right: Oath Keepers,\u201d <em>Political Research Associates<\/em>, April 23, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.politicalresearch.org\/2015\/04\/23\/profile-on-the-right-oathkeepers\">www.politicalresearch.org\/2015\/04\/23\/profile-on-the-right-oathkeepers<\/a>; \u201cConstitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association Constitution Day Press Conference,\u201d September 17, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.press.org\/events\/constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association-constitution-day-press-conference\">www.press.org\/events\/constitutional-sheriffs-and-peace-officers-association-constitution-day-press-conference<\/a><u>; <\/u>Larry Pratt, \u201cSheriffs to the Rescue,\u201d <em>Gun Owners of America<\/em>, February 9, 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/pstramer.wordpress.com\/category\/larry-pratt\/\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/pstramer.wordpress.com\/category\/larry-pratt\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_63');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_63\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>63<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cKevin Starrett\u2014\u2018I will not comply!\u2019 SB 941 Protest,\u201d YouTube video, 2:46, posted by \u201cS. Thomas Lewis,\u201d June 1, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OHUlO7KxZm4\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OHUlO7KxZm4<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_64');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_64\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>64<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">David Codrea, \u201c\u2018Most Dangerous\u2019 Oregon Gun Bill Creates New Threat to Freedom,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, January 18, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/most-dangerous-oregon-gun-bill-creates-new-threat-to-freedom\">www.oathkeepers.org\/most-dangerous-oregon-gun-bill-creates-new-threat-to-freedom<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_65');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_65\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>65<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bob Moser, \u201cConstitution Party Hopes to Take Politics to the Extreme in 2004,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, November 12, 2003, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2003\/constitution-party-hopes-take-politics-extreme-2004\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2003\/constitution-party-hopes-take-politics-extreme-2004<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_66');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_66\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>66<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chris Brumbles, \u201cOpen letter to Oregon Rep. Jeff Barker, D-Aloha\u201d (letter to the editor), <em>South County Spotlight<\/em>, February 26, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/scs\/84-opinion\/295363-171855-letters\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pamplinmedia.com\/scs\/84-opinion\/295363-171855-letters<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_67');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_67\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>67<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cTell The Sheriff You Have His Six.,\u201d <em>Oregon Firearms Federation<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonfirearms.org\/tell-the-sheriff-you-have-his-six\">www.oregonfirearms.org\/tell-the-sheriff-you-have-his-six<\/a>; \u201cSheriff Glenn Palmer Under Attack,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, May 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/sheriff-glenn-palmer-under-attack\">www.oathkeepers.org\/sheriff-glenn-palmer-under-attack<\/a>; Les Zaitz, \u201cGrant County sheriff builds $20,000 defense fund through outside donors,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, July 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/07\/grant_county_sheriff_builds_20.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/07\/grant_county_sheriff_builds_20.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_68');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_68\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>68<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cActive \u2018Patriot\u2019 Groups in the United States in 2009,\u201d <em>Southern Poverty Law Center<\/em>, March 1, 2010, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2010\/active-patriot-groups-united-states-2009\">www.splcenter.org\/fighting-hate\/intelligence-report\/2010\/active-patriot-groups-united-states-2009<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_69');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_69\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>69<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cWe Will Not Comply &#8211; Come and Take Them\u2014Part 4 of 4,\u201d YouTube video, 37:49, posted by \u201cRealEstateinMoto,\u201d December 17, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LGrh7FvKxrg&amp;noredirect=1\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LGrh7FvKxrg&amp;noredirect=1<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_70');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_70\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>70<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">In October 2013, Ford (then described as a \u201crecent transplant from California\u201d) and McKirgan were described as the Northern and Southern Oregon Oath Keepers\u2019 leaders, respectively. See Volubrjotr, \u201cOath Keepers Unite With P.A.N.D.A. To Stop McCain\u2019s NDAA In Oregon: Rotate Honor Guards To Ensure WWII Veterans\u2019 Access To Memorial,\u201d <em>Political Vel Craft<\/em>, October 16, 2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/politicalvelcraft.org\/2013\/10\/16\/oath-keepers-unite-with-p-a-n-d-a-to-stop-mccains-ndaa-in-oregon-rotate-honor-guards-to-ensure-wwii-veterans-access-to-memorial\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/politicalvelcraft.org\/2013\/10\/16\/oath-keepers-unite-with-p-a-n-d-a-to-stop-mccains-ndaa-in-oregon-rotate-honor-guards-to-ensure-wwii-veterans-access-to-memorial<\/span><\/a>. In April 2015, Ford is referred to as the sole state Coordinator (as well as a member of the Oath Keepers National Board); see \u201cCalling all Oath Keepers to help with Security at the Sugar Pine Mine, April 17, 2015,\u201d Meetup event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/221921869\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/221921869<\/a>.Today, McKirgan is part of Oregon III%, and is the leader of Zone 4 (Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Coos, and Curry counties). He is also one of the two national administrators of the \u201c3%ERS\u201d Facebook group, which has over 24,000 members (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/THE3PERCENTERS\/admins\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/THE3PERCENTERS\/admins<\/a>). Facebook post, August 2016, screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_71');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_71\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>71<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/Oregon\">www.oathkeepers.org\/Oregon<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_72');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_72\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>72<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For CPT leader, see Stewart Rhodes, \u201cHistoric \u2018Militia\u2019 Moment: Pacific Patriot Network (Including Oath Keepers) Calls On FBI,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, January 10, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/9435-2\/\">www.oathkeepers.org\/9435-2<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/9435-2\/\">; for Sugar Pine Mine and Bundy Ranch, see<\/a> James Pogue, \u201cThe Oath Keepers Are Ready for War with the Federal Government,\u201d<em> VICE<\/em>, September 14, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vice.com\/read\/miner-threat-0000747-v22n9\">www.vice.com\/read\/miner-threat-0000747-v22n9<\/a>; for Rapolla at Bundy Ranch with weapons, see \u201cBundy Ranch, III%, Militia, Independence,\u201d YouTube video, 7:19, posted by \u201cBrandon Rapolla,\u201d July 4, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8vXYAJPrp-I\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8vXYAJPrp-I<\/a>. Rice confirmed with me that Rapolla was a Pacific Patriots Network founder; Joseph Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_73');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_73\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>73<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org<\/span><\/a>. The last capture on archive.org was April 30, 2016, and the website is presently offline. There is only one post on their Facebook page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/OathKeepersofOregon\">www.facebook.com\/OathKeepersofOregon<\/a>, between June 2015 and July 2016.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_74');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_74\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>74<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See <em>Baker County Solutions<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/bakercountysolutions.wordpress.com\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bakercountysolutions.wordpress.com<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_75');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_75\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>75<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For the 2015 and 2016 meetings, see: \u201cJosephine County Oath Keepers General Meeting,\u201d Meetup event for August 11, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/233027958\/\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/233027958<\/a>; \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Baker County,\u201d MeetUp event for December 15, 2015, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/227416404<\/u>; \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Linn and Benton County General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for March 6, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/229239175\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/229239175<\/a>; \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Marion, Polk and Yamhill Counties,\u201d MeetUp event for June 16, 2016, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/qltlnhyvjbvb;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Washington County Monthly Meetings,\u201d MeetUp event for April 28, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/230501466\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/230501466<\/a>; \u201cColumbia County Oath Keepers Celebrating our 2 year anniversary,\u201d MeetUp event for April 16, 2016, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/229980453;<\/u> \u201cLane County Oath Keepers General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for February 21, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/228741920\/%20\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/228741920; <\/a>\u201c<u>Malheur County Oath Keepers Meet and Greet,\u201d MeetUp event, January 9, 2015, www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/219657841;<\/u> <u>\u201cOathkeepers of central Oregon,\u201d<\/u> MeetUp event for August 25, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224780403\/\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224780403;<\/a> \u201cOath Keepers of Klamath County,\u201d MeetUp event for August 20, 2015<u>, <\/u><a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224691943\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/224691943<\/a>; for Douglas County, see \u201cSportsman &amp; Outdoor Recreation Show &#8211; Feb 13th\u201315th,\u201d MeetUp event, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220476710\">www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/220476710<\/a>.For chapters that held public meetings in 2014: \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Jackson County General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for February 17, 2014, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/165172592;<\/u> \u201c MeetUp event <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/179696252\/\">, May 8, 2014, <\/a><u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/179696252;<\/u> \u201cOregon Oath Keepers Deschutes Chapter Start Up,\u201d MeetUp event for November 13, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/215776232; <\/u>\u201cUnion County Oath Keepers of Oregon &#8211; General Meeting &#8211; Candidates Forum,\u201d MeetUp event for October 28, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/215983172;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Clackamas County Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for October 15, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/204384772;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Clackamas County Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for April 30, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/176655182;<\/u> <strong>\u201c<\/strong>Oath Keepers of Oregon Coos County Chapter Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for July 26, 2014, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/195777552;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon, Multnomah County General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for July 14, 2014, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/190826222; <\/u>\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Curry County Chapter Formation,\u201d MeetUp event for January 18, 2014,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/160026592;<\/u> &#8220;Oath Keepers of Oregon, Portland Chapter (Gresham) General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for December 2, 2013, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/151832752;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Portland Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for June 3, 2013,<u> www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/119666982;<\/u> \u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Salem Chapter General Meeting,\u201d MeetUp event for November 9, 2013, <u>www.meetup.com\/Oath-Keepers-Oregon\/events\/147819052.<\/u><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_76');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_76\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>76<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOath Keepers of Oregon Links,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160430205759\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_77');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_77\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>77<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOath Keepers Oregon,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers of Oregon<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160406033648\/http:\/oroathkeepers.org\/action.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160406033648\/http:\/\/oroathkeepers.org\/action.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_78');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_78\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>78<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Devin Burghart, \u201cOath Keepers Roll Out Plan to Infiltrate Local Institutions [Video],\u201d <em>Institute For Research &amp; Education On Human Rights<\/em>, November 3, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irehr.org\/2015\/11\/03\/oath-keepers-roll-out-plan-to-infiltrate-local-institutions-video\">www.irehr.org\/2015\/11\/03\/oath-keepers-roll-out-plan-to-infiltrate-local-institutions-video<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_79');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_79\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>79<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Elias Alias, \u201cPress Release: Operation Big Sky: Lincoln, Montana,\u201d <em>Oath Keepers<\/em>, August 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oathkeepers.org\/press-release-operation-big-sky-lincoln-montana\">www.oathkeepers.org\/press-release-operation-big-sky-lincoln-montana<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_80');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_80\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>80<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joseph Rice, telephone interview with author, July 17, 2016, and email to author, August 25, 2016; see also <em>Citizen Patriots of Josephine County<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cpjoco.com\">www.cpjoco.com<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_81');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_81\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>81<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Their webpage is <u>www.oregoniiipercent.com<\/u>, and their main Facebook page is: \u201cOregon III%,\u201d Facebook page, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/321735541284801\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/321735541284801<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_82');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_82\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>82<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Oregon Secretary of State, Corporation Division<\/em>, Business Entity Data: Oregon III%, <a href=\"http:\/\/egov.sos.state.or.us\/br\/pkg_web_name_srch_inq.do_name_srch?p_name=&amp;p_regist_nbr=116101890&amp;p_srch=PHASE1&amp;p_print=FALSE&amp;p_entity_status=ACTINA\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/egov.sos.state.or.us\/br\/pkg_web_name_srch_inq.do_name_srch?p_name=&amp;p_regist_nbr=116101890&amp;p_srch=PHASE1&amp;p_print=FALSE&amp;p_entity_status=ACTINA<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_83');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_83\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>83<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeff Roberts, <em>Facebook<\/em> post, April 2015, screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_84');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_84\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>84<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">David Samuel Hill, Facebook post, September 2015. Screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_85\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_85');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>85,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_86\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_86');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>86<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_87');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_87\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>87<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Video shows that the speakers include Brandon Curtiss and Brooke Agresta (3% of Idaho), Soper, and Jeff Roberts (Oregon III%). See \u201cLive feed Hammond ranch,\u201d YouTube video, 3:01:57, posted by \u201cPete Santilli Show,\u201d January 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jBBJe7FmRXI\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jBBJe7FmRXI<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_88');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_88\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>88<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAnatomy of a Standoff,\u201d <em>Anti-Defamation League<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf\">www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Anatomy-of-a-Standoff-MalheurOccupiers.pdf<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_89');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_89\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>89<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cSoldiers of Odin USA: The Extreme European Anti-Refugee Group Comes to America,\u201d <em>Anti-Defamation League<\/em>, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Soldiers-of-Odin-USA-Report-web.pdf\">www.adl.org\/assets\/pdf\/combating-hate\/Soldiers-of-Odin-USA-Report-web.pdf<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_90');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_90\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>90<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Facebook post, accessed August 2016; screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_91');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_91\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>91<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Facebook posts, accessed August 2016; screenshots in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_92');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_92\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>92<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cPacific Patriots Network Partners,\u201d <em>Pacific Patriots Network<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/partners.php\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\/partners.php<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_93');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_93\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>93<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Joseph Rice confirmed the five founding members; email to author, July 15, 2016. Brandon Curtiss also said there were five founding groups, and described the Pacific Patriots Network as an \u201cumbrella\u201d organization. See \u201cFriday Jan 9th Morning Press Briefing with III%, CFCF and PPN from the Oregon Refuge Center,\u201d YouTube video, 15:53, posted by \u201cOathKeepersOK,\u201d January 10, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yKKaFvn69DY\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yKKaFvn69DY<\/a>; see 14:03 and 14:32. As of August 2015, the Pacific Patriots Network staff was: Brandi Hawkins (Public Affairs Officer), Angela Brainard (Medical Support), Bill Cross (Patriot Supply Railroad), BJ Soper (COCG), Brandon Curtiss (3% of Idaho), Colby Damon Olsen (Southern Oregon Constitutional Guard), David Samuel Hill (Oregon III%), Israel Southerland (Team Indigo), J.d. Parks (The Heirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest), Matt Kaney (Spectres Training Group), Chino Ruiz (Bearded Bastards), and Robert Rowe (Washgoneho Supply Railroad). Facebook post, August 2015. Screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_94');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_94\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>94<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">There are over a dozen Pacific Patriots Network press releases and videos posted about the White Hope Mine and Operation Big Sky between August and October 2016. See Pacific Patriots Network, \u201cCurrent News,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com\">www.pacificpatriotsnetwork.com<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_95');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_95\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>95<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jeff Roberts, Facebook comment, May 2015; screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_96');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_96\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>96<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dave Neiwert, \u201c\u2018III Percenters\u2019 Ride Wave Of Islamophobia In Idaho To Lead Anti-Refugee Protests,\u201d <em>Crooks and Liars<\/em>, November 6, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_97');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_97\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>97<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fedor Zarkhin, \u201c\u2018Buffer zone\u2019 in Oregon standoff: Ex-cop Brandon Curtiss says he&#8217;s a peacemaker,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, January 15, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/brandon_curtiss_pacific_patrio.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/01\/brandon_curtiss_pacific_patrio.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_98');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_98\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>98<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Sowell, \u201cFour Idahoans among 14 newly indicted in 2014 Bundy Ranch standoff,\u201d <em>Idaho Statesman<\/em>, March 3, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/crime\/article63878682.html\">www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/crime\/article63878682.html<\/a>; Associated Press, \u201cNevada trial for Cliven Bundy, 18 others set for 2017,\u201d <em>Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, April 27, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/04\/nevada_trial_for_cliven_bundy.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/index.ssf\/2016\/04\/nevada_trial_for_cliven_bundy.html<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_99');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_99\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>99<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cThree Percent of Idaho marches against Refugee Program in Twin Falls,\u201d <em>KMVT<\/em>, October 18 (updated November 9), 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kmvt.com\/content\/news\/Three-Percent-of-Idaho-marches-against-Refugee-Program-in-Twin-Falls-333956371.html\">www.kmvt.com\/content\/news\/Three-Percent-of-Idaho-marches-against-Refugee-Program-in-Twin-Falls-333956371.html<\/a>; Dave Neiwert, \u201c\u2018III Percenters\u2019 Ride Wave Of Islamophobia In Idaho To Lead Anti-Refugee Protests,\u201d <em>Crooks and Liars<\/em>, November 6, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/crooksandliars.com\/2015\/11\/iii-percenters-ride-wave-islamophobia<\/span><\/a>; Harrison Berry, \u201cThousands Gather at Idaho Statehouse to Demonstrate For\u2014And Against\u2014Syrian Refugees,\u201d <em>Boise Weekly<\/em>, November 21, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boiseweekly.com\/boise\/thousands-gather-at-idaho-statehouse-to-demonstrate-forand-againstsyrian-refugees\/Content?oid=3657797\">www.boiseweekly.com\/boise\/thousands-gather-at-idaho-statehouse-to-demonstrate-forand-againstsyrian-refugees\/Content?oid=3657797<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_100');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_100\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>100<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cThe Resist Rally,\u201d Facebook event for April 30, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/events\/240950932921886\">www.facebook.com\/events\/240950932921886<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_101');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_101\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>101<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Les Zaitz, \u201c\u2018Embedded\u2019 reporter tied to militia arrested in John Day on weapons charges,\u201d<em> Oregonian\/OregonLive<\/em>, May 6 (updated May 7), 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/05\/militia-tied_embedded_reporter.html\">www.oregonlive.com\/oregon-standoff\/2016\/05\/militia-tied_embedded_reporter.html<\/a>. On September 2, 2016, as the Malheur occupation trial was about to start, the 3% of Idaho suddenly distanced themselves from Emry, claiming that he was not \u201cembedded\u201d after all but rather was merely a \u201cmedia contact.\u201d III% of Idaho Official Press Release, <em>TVOI News<\/em>, September 2, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/tvoinews.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/III_Percent_Press_Release.jpg\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/tvoinews.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/III_Percent_Press_Release.jpg<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_102');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_102\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>102<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Sowell, \u201cIdaho patriot group leader filed bankruptcy after Malheur visit,\u201d <em>Idaho Statesman<\/em>, March 27, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/west-ada\/article68581597.html\">www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/west-ada\/article68581597.html<\/a>; John Sowell, \u201cIdaho State Police eyes allegations against Meridian property manager,\u201d <em>Idaho Statesman<\/em>, May 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/boise\/article77226102.html\">www.idahostatesman.com\/news\/local\/community\/boise\/article77226102.html<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_103');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_103\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>103<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Matt Lee-Ashley, \u201cCongress Should Confront the Rise of Violent Extremism on America\u2019s Public Lands,\u201d <em>Center for American Progress<\/em>, March 24, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/green\/report\/2016\/03\/24\/133730\/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands\">www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/green\/report\/2016\/03\/24\/133730\/congress-should-confront-the-rise-of-violent-extremism-on-americas-public-lands<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_104');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_104\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>104<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Casey Runyan, \u201cThe Heirs of Patrick Henry, NW,\u201d GoFundMe page, created November 23, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gofundme.com\/hpfu0o\">www.gofundme.com\/hpfu0o<\/a>; \u201cPatrick Henry Rally\u201d Facebook event for February 9, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/events\/882773421735610\">www.facebook.com\/events\/882773421735610<\/a><u>.<\/u> The admins of the \u201cHeirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest\u201d Facebook group are: J.d. Parks, John Parker Jr., Colby Damon Olsen, BJ Soper, Bruce Cook, and Brandi Hawkins. \u201cAdmins\u201d on \u201cHeirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest\u201d Facebook page, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/admins\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/admins<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_105');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_105\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>105<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J.d. Parks, \u201cReminder,\u201d \u201cHeirs of Patrick Henry, Northwest,\u201d Facebook group, July 12, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/permalink\/1783488945271600\">www.facebook.com\/groups\/1506725609614603\/permalink\/1783488945271600<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_106');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_106\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>106<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cSpeaker&#8217;s List Schedule for the Salem Event on Saturday,\u201d May 27, 2015, posted by Dutchman6 , <a href=\"http:\/\/sipseystreetirregulars.blogspot.com\/2015\/05\/speakers-list-schedule-for-salem-event.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/sipseystreetirregulars.blogspot.com\/2015\/05\/speakers-list-schedule-for-salem-event.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_107');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_107\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>107<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Anna Staver, \u201cOregon GOP pulls support for HD 9 candidate Runyan,\u201d <em>Statesman Journal<\/em>, July 18, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statesmanjournal.com\/story\/news\/politics\/elections\/2014\/07\/17\/oregon-gop-walks-away-house-candidate-criminal-past\/12814489\">www.statesmanjournal.com\/story\/news\/politics\/elections\/2014\/07\/17\/oregon-gop-walks-away-house-candidate-criminal-past\/12814489<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_108');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_108\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>108<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Oregon Secretary of State, <em>November 4, 2014, General Election, Official Abstract of Votes<\/em>, \u201cState Representative, 9th District,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/sos.oregon.gov\/elections\/Documents\/results\/results-2014-general-election.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_109');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_109\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>109<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Picture of Olsen at Sugar Pine Mine, Facebook post, April 2015, screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_110');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_110\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>110<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">BJ Soper, Facebook post, May 2015. Screenshot in possession of author.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_111');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_111\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>111<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Olsen can be seen at a Jackson County commission meeting; see \u201cFielder Dam: Waterwatch\u2019s Decimation of Jackson County Property (26 Aug 2015),\u201d YouTube video, 10:22, posted by \u201cKevstir,\u201d August 27, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6AJjGEbJiVY\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6AJjGEbJiVY<\/a>; Carissa Wolf and Kevin Sullivan, \u201cIn Oregon, angry protests about the killing of a wildlife refuge occupier,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, February 1, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/post-nation\/wp\/2016\/02\/01\/in-oregon-angry-protest-over-killing-of-wildlife-refuge-occupier\">www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/post-nation\/wp\/2016\/02\/01\/in-oregon-angry-protest-over-killing-of-wildlife-refuge-occupier<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_112');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_112\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>112<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cWe are,\u201d \u201cThe Liberators: V.A.C.A.T.E.,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberators2004.org\/index.html\">www.liberators2004.org\/index.html<\/a>; \u201cLoma Wharton,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080123094744\/http:\/www.theliberators11.org\/gpage2.html\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080123094744\/www.theliberators11.org\/gpage2.html<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_113');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_113\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>113<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cOur Mission,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100822082505\/http:\/www.theliberators11.org\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100822082505\/www.theliberators11.org<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_114');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_114\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>114<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cLinks,\u201d <em>Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100821192007\/http:\/www.cspoa.org\/#links\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100821192007\/http:\/\/www.cspoa.org\/<\/span> &#8211; links<\/a>; \u201cSheriff Gil Gilbertson UnravelingFed 30Jan2012 a,\u201d YouTube video, 15:16, posted by \u201cCountySheriffProject.org Channel,\u201d February 22, 2012, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QmQeJNG18vg\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QmQeJNG18vg<\/a>; see around 6:00.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_115');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_115\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>115<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cDownloads,\u201d <em>The Liberators<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberators2004.org\/Download.html\">www.liberators2004.org\/Download.html<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_116');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_116\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>116<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">For example, the NCSA and Liberators telephone number and mailing address are the same. See \u201cNational Constitutional Sheriffs Assoc. LLC,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.electmuller.com\/Media\/pdf\/NCSA%20Position%20paper%20Press%20release.pdf\">www.electmuller.com\/Media\/pdf\/NCSA Position paper Press release.pdf<\/a> and \u201cEducation &amp; Information,\u201d <em>The Liberators\u2014V.A.C.A.T.E.<\/em>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberators2004.org\/gpage.html\">www.liberators2004.org\/gpage.html<\/a>; \u201cUSN Captain (Retired) Norman R. Malmberg praises Siskiyou Co Board of Supervisors,\u201d <em>Pie N Politics<\/em>, August 15, 2013, <a href=\"http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?paged=311\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?paged=311<\/span><\/a><u>;<\/u> \u201cChoose Your NCSA Annual Membership,\u201d <em>National Constitutional Sheriff\u2019s Association<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130811084523\/http:\/ncsa1.org\/subscriptions\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130811084523\/http:\/\/ncsa1.org\/subscriptions<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_15861_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_15861_1_117');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_15861_1_117\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>117<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cSolution Revolution is June 7, 2014,\u201d <em>Pie N Politics<\/em>, May 22, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?p=20728\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/pienpolitics.com\/?p=20728<\/span><\/a>; Jim Kouri, \u201cNews With Views Editor to be Special Guest Speaker at Patriots Gathering in North Bend, OR,\u201d <em>News With Views<\/em>, July 14, 2014, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newswithviews.com\/NWV-News\/news399.htm\">www.newswithviews.com\/NWV-News\/news399.htm<\/a>; Troy Brynelson, \u201cProtestors outside BLM office decry jailing of occupiers, killing of LaVoy Finicum,\u201d <em>News-Review<\/em>, February 16, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrtoday.com\/news\/protesters-outside-blm-office-decry-jailing-of-occupiers-killing-of\/article_3e57a3ca-d370-5fdd-8905-2ce1a856d5db.html\">www.nrtoday.com\/news\/protesters-outside-blm-office-decry-jailing-of-occupiers-killing-of\/article_3e57a3ca-d370-5fdd-8905-2ce1a856d5db.html<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_15861_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_15861_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_15861_1').text('\u2212'); 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} }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>National Liberty Alliance (National) Continental Court System of the United States (Regional) American Lands Council (National) American Stewards of Liberty\/Stand &amp; Fight Club (National) Coalition of Western States (Regional) Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (National) Association of O&amp;C Counties Lawsuit (State Lawsuit) Forest Trust Lands Lawsuit (State Lawsuit) The Constitution Party of Oregon (State) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15851,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-section-i.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-15861","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15861","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15861"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15861\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16315,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15861\/revisions\/16315"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15851"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rop.org\/uia\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15861"}],"curies":[{"name":"\uc6cc\ub4dc\ud504\ub808\uc2a4","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}